A functional for finite element analysis of low intensity magnetic fields including permanent magnetization effects

A functional is presented that is useful in the finite element analysis of low intensity static magnetic field solutions. The variational principle is written in terms of a scalar potential function and, when minimized,leads to field equations andboundary conditions that characterize a magneticfieldaccounting for the presence of current, permanent magnetization,and incident magnetic fields. This variational principle finds applications in the fiiite element analysis of magnetic field problems.