Definitions of apparent power and power factor in a power system having transmission lines with unequal resistances

Recently, disputes in power theory seem to be settled and a new trial-use standard has been prepared as the IEEE Standard 1459-2000. However, since uniform line resistances are assumed, it is not enough not only for increasing transmission systems, such as parallel ac/dc systems, but for a three-phase four-wire system whose neutral line has a different thickness from the other lines. In this paper, a generalized power theory applicable to a system having transmission/distribution lines with unequal resistances is proposed, which is applicable to any kind of power system: from a single-phase system to a multiline system having transmission lines with equal or unequal resistances under asymmetric and/or nonsinusoidal conditions.