On the receiving properties of a small horizontal bare circular loop antenna buried in the ground

It is shown that when a small bare circular loop antenna is buried in the ground it will respond to a vertically ( field) polarized ground-wave or sky-wave source with a directional azimuthal pattern. The response to a horizontally polarized skywave source is greatly enhanced by burying the antenna and is also shown to be far from omnidirectional in azimuth. These results depend upon the presence of a relatively small departure from a constant current distribution on the loop when it is regarded as a driven element. The current distribution formulas of Chen and King permit easy analytical estimates of these effects.