سكولاريسم از منظر انديشمندان ترك، آمريكايي و فرانسوي: با تأكيد بر حزب عدالت و توسعه تركيه

A comparative Study of Secularism from the Perspective of Turkish, American and French Thinkers: With Emphasis on the Justice and Development Party of Turkey

ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ از آﻏﺎز ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﯽ ﮐﻤﺎل آﺗﺎﺗﺮك، ﯾﮑﯽ از ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺻﻮل اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﯽ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﮑﻮﻻرﯾﺴﻢ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ. ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي ﺳﮑﻮﻻرﯾﺴﻢ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ ﻣﺪرن ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺮاث عثماني، نظارت «نهادينه حكومت بر دين» است. با تأسيس جمهوري در سال 1923 دولت منافع خود را در چهارچوب سكولاريزاسيون و بناي ملتي برخاسته از گروه­هاي متنوع قومي و ديني تعريف كرد. پيروزي حزب عدالت و توسعه تركيه در انتخابات نوامبر 2002 به عنوان حزبي با ريشه هاي اسلامي،پرسشهاي مهمي را درباره آينده سكولاريسم و نيز اسلام گرايي در اين كشور به ميان آورد. ويژگي هاي اﺻﻠﯽ ﺳﮑﻮﻻرﯾﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮي ﯾﺎ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ آن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ و ﻗﺮاﺋﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد، ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي دﯾﻦ و ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ، ﻣﻬﺎر دﯾﻦ و ﺣﺬف آن از ﺳﭙﻬﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ را دﻧﺒﺎل ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺗﻼش ﺧﻮاﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﺮد ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮي از روﯾﮑﺮد ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻓﮑﺮي ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﺣﺰب ﺑﺎ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻮﻻرﯾﺴﻢ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؟ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺰب ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ﮑﻮﻻرﯾﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ روش ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ داري، ﺿﻤﻦ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻦ از ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﻃﺮﻓﺪار اﯾﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮژي كماليسم (و به طور خاص حاميان قرائت حداكثري از سكولاريسم) در پي جدايي دين از ساختار حكومتي است تا بدين وسيله آزادي هاي ديني را تضمين كنند.

Turkey, since its establishment by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, put one of bases and fundamental principle of its governmental system on the basis of secularism. One of the key factors of secularism in modern Turkey's Ottoman legacy is that government would supervise on religion institutionally. By establishment of Republic in 1923, the state defined its interest basis on secularization and various sectarian groups. The victory of AKP in November 2002 elections, as an Islamic party, has raised important questions about the future of secularism and Islamism in the country. The main characteristics of Turkish secularism is different from American and French one and Turkish people interprets the concept not only on basis of separation between government and religion but elimination of religion from public sphere. The major controversy in Turkey is about the definition of secularism and freedom of religion that resulted from fundamental principles such as the role of religion and government. The study of existing literature about Turkey shows the earlier researches mainly emphasize issues such as security, democracy and process of Turkey joining the Europe Union, and it seems they ignored the Islamists' approaches towards their concepts and identity, especially towards secularism. Accordingly, the authors would try to answer the following questions: what is the AKP' stance on secularism, as an Islamic party? The findings of article suggest the AKP intended to separate the religion from government by accepting the secularism as a governance model in order to guarantee the religious freedom.