مدل‌سازي آزمايشگاهي و عددي شكست هيدروليكي در ماسه سنگ‌هاي لوشان

Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing in Loshan Sandstone

در صنعت نفت به‌منظور افزايش شاخص توليد و بازيافت از چاه‌هايي كه به‌علت برداشت طولاني مدت، بازدۀ آن كاهش يافته است يا سنگ‌هاي اطراف چاه ميزان نفوذپذيري كمي دارند از شكست هيدروليكي استفاده مي‌شود. از آن‌جاكه عمليات شكست هيدروليكي، عملياتي پر هزينه است، به‌دست آوردن فشار لازم براي شكست هيدروليكي و تعيين پمپ مناسب براي اين عمليات، براي مجريان پروژه، اهميت به‌سزايي دارد. در اين تحقيق به مدل‌سازي آزمايشگاهي و عددي شكست هيدروليكي در ماسه سنگ‌هاي لوشان پرداخته شد. هدف از اين مدل‌سازي‌ها بررسي نحوۀ شكست هيدروليكي، وضعيت تنش‌هاي اصلي در هنگام آغاز شكست و فشار لازم براي آغاز شكست در اين سنگ‌ها است. در اين تحقيق، مدل‌هاي عددي ساخته شده بدون ترك و شكستگي پيش فرض است و مسير و نحوۀ رشد ترك بدون هيچ پيش‌داوري و تعيين قبلي بررسي شد. فشار شكست‌هاي به‌دست آمده از مدل‌سازي عددي با آن‌چه از آزمايشگاه به‌دست آمده است اختلاف كمي دارد. در اغلب موارد ترك از قسمت مركزي نمونه آغاز شده و به‌سمت دو سر نمونه گسترش مي‌يابد و راستاي گسترش ترك در راستاي محور گمانه و عمود بر تنش جانبي است. مجريان طرح شكست هيدروليكي مي‌توانند با روش ارائه شده در اين تحقيق و مدل‌سازي آزمايشگاهي و عددي شكست هيدروليكي، فشار شكست هيدروليكي در شرايط مختلف را به‌دست آورده و پمپ مناسب براي عمليات را انتخاب كنند. با توجه به اين‌كه نتايج به‌دست آمده از مدل‌سازي‌هاي عددي مطابقت خوبي با نتايج مدل‌سازي‌هاي آزمايشگاهي دارد، محدوديت ظرفيت پمپ موجود در آزمايشگاه را مي‌توان با مدل‌سازي عددي جبران كرد.

Hydraulic fracturing is used in the oil industry in order to increase the index of production and processing in wells whose efficiency has been dropped due to long-term harvest or the rocks around the well are low permeable. Since the hydraulic fracturing operation is costly, it is of special importance to determine the pressure required for hydraulic fracturing and the suitable pump for this operation to the project managers. The hydraulic fracturing technique refers to the process of initiation and extension of fractures in rocks caused by the hydraulic pressure applied by a fluid. This technique was developed by Clark (19). Haimson and Fairhorst (20) continued the research on the initiation and extension of fracture. Hubbert and Willis conducted comprehensive studies on the mechanics of hydraulic fracturing to determine the direction and condition of principal stresses using the hydraulic fracturing process. Since then, numerous studies and modellings have been conducted to investigate the factors effecting the hydraulic fracturing. The present research is important because experimental and numerical modeling were used to calculate the hydraulic fracturing pressure for different conditions and to select the suitable pump for the operation. These simulations are aimed to investigate the fracture pressure in Loshan sandstone to determine a relationship between the pressure needed for fracturing and the confining pressure. Material and methods The specimen examined in this study is the Loshan sandstone. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock which is formed in all geological periods and is mainly consisted of fine sand particles, different minerals and has various colors. This rock is mainly formed in the shallow seas, deltas, along the coasts, and in hot deserts. Moreover, materials such as clay and silicon oxide contributed to the cementation of its particles. The rock sample of Loshan sandstone is a calcareous sandstone with a limestone-silica structure whose cement is calcareous (Figure 1). The main and secondary minerals in this rock include calcite, feldspar alkaline, quartz, and opaque minerals. The diagenesis of this rock includes sericitization, chertization, and calcification. The main shapers of this rock are shaped and semi-shaped quartzes with calcite. The physical and mechanical properties of the specimens are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties of the Loshan sandstone Effective Porosity (%) Dry unit weight (KN/m3 )Tensile strength (MPa)Poisson’s ratioUniaxial compressive strength (MPa)Elastic modulus (GPa) 7.521.6060.2154.6212..22 Figure 1. Loshan sandstone Results and discussion Fracture pressures in the developed models are listed in table 2. The Fracture pressures obtained from numerical modeling had a 10% difference with the experimental modeling results. Table 2. Experimental ant numerical modeling results Fracture pressures obtained from experimental modelingFracture pressures obtained from numerical modelingConfining pressure (MPa)Axial stress (MPa)Model number 14.5813.822.261 15.7152.52.52 11.169.9053 11.399.9074 Figure 2 shows the relationship between the pressure required to initiate hydraulic fracturing and confining pressure for Loshan sandstone. There was a linear relationship between fracture pressure and confining pressure. Thus, with an increase of the confining pressure, the pressure required to initiate hydraulic fracturing increased. The relationship between the fracture pressure and the confining pressure for Loshan sandstone is in the form of Equation (1). Pf = 1.7386 σ3+ 11.242 (1) Figure 2. Relationship between fracture pressure and confining pressure Conclusion The following conclusions were drawn from this research. 1. The increase of lateral stress led to an increase in the fracture pressure. 2. Changes in the axial stress did not significantly change the fracture pressure. 3. The results of numerical modellings were well consistent with those of the experimental modellings. 4. Unlike other studies conducted in this field, the numerical modellings in this study were performed without any initial pre-determinations for the crack-less models. Results show that in most cases, cracks initiate from the center and are extended toward both ends of the sample. The crack extension direction was parallel to the borehole axis inside the sample and perpendicular to the lateral stress. This is fully consistent with the observations in the experimental models.