كليدواژه :
آنتروپومورفيسم , نگارگري ايراني , ادبيات , دين , اسطوره , انسان
چكيده فارسي :
آنتروپومورفيسم، يا «انسان گونه‌انگاري» و يا «انسانديسي»، يكي از شاخه هاي انسان شناسي است، كه در خصوص تشخّص بخشي انساني به غير انسان، اعم از ديگر جانداران يا اشياء بحث مي كند. اين پژوهش با هدف دست يابي به الگويي ساختارمند در تبيين رويكرد آنتروپومورفيك در نظام زيبايي شناختي نگارگري ايراني تدوين شده و با بررسي گزيده‌اي از نسخ مصوّر برجاي مانده از تاريخ نگارگري ايران پس از اسلام، به روش تاريخي، توصيفي و تحليلي، به گردآوري و تحليل داده ها به روش مطالعات كتابخانه اي و اينترنتي پرداخته و در مجموع با دسته بندي نمودهاي آنتروپومورفيك در قالب هاي گوناگون، به تبيين سازوكارهاي آنتروپومورفيستي در نگارگري ايراني پرداخته و به طرح پرسش: «آنتروپومورفيسم در آثار نگارگري ايراني با چه زمينه ها و كيفياتي نمود مي‌بايد؟» پرداخته است. در راستاي پاسخ به اين پرسش، و با مطالعه نسخه هاي متعدد نگارگري و آراء انديشمندان و نيز مطالعه آثار ادبي و نسخه هاي خطّي مصوّر ايران پس از اسلام، به اين نتيجه منتهي شده كه نگارگري ايراني با بهره مندي از پيشينه اساطيري و نيز ديدگاه شرقي مبتني بر وحدت انسان و طبيعت با تكيه بر مضامين ادبي و حكمي به عنوان تجلي گاه آنتروپومورفيسم شناخته مي شود. پژوهش حاضر، از نوع بنيادي بوده و با بررسي پژوهش هاي پيشين در حيطه روانشناسي، اسطوره شناسي، جامعه شناسي مذهبي و تاريخ نگارگري تنظيم شده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Anthropomorphism, refers to the representation of objects
as having human form or traits, is one of the branches
of anthropology, which deals with the attribution of
human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or
object. Human attribution to objects or inhuman concepts
is one of the historical aspirations of mankind and his
manifestations of behavior in the history of human cultural
life. Finding the features of anthropomorphism in various
areas of human life, including the arts, can be considered
as one of the significant communication gateways
between man and the world around him. The structure
of the human mind in a dual (and sometimes contradictory)
approach to nature, first as its origin, which, on the
one hand, seeks to take advantage of secondary concepts
and avoid primary patterns of nature, and, on the
other hand, to re-approach nature and establish a different
discourse and based on new experiences, has provided
complex backgrounds of intellectual structures and
human communication practices while facing the world
around us. Anthropomorphism, as a methodological tool
that is based on psychology, mythology, religious studies
and artistic expression, and reflects the mankind’s anthropomorphic
manifestations while confronting various
areas of life, is regarded as one of the communicative
and discursive patterns of man and the universe. The
process of anthropomorphic communication structure of
the phenomena of the universe, in the form of the creation
or the discovery of anthropomorphic notions, stems from
a kind of human-mindedness in the human intellectual
system, and by considering such a mechanism, it discovers
the windows of discourse to the outside world. In the
meantime, art in various forms places the tools of this
discourse in the hands of mankind. This research has
been conducted to achieve a structural pattern to explain
the anthropomorphic approach in the aesthetic system of
Iranian painting, by analyzing the selected samples of the
manuscripts depicted in the history of painting of Iran after
Islam and in a historical, descriptive and analytical way,
the data have been collected and analyzed through library
and online research, and in general, by categorizing anthropomorphic
manifestations in the form of religious symbols,
animal identification, anthropomorphizing objects,
and human beings in mythology, this study explains the
mechanisms of anthropomorphism in Iranian painting and
addresses the following question: “how and through what
qualities does anthropomorphism manifest in the works
of Iranian painting?” . In order to answer this question,
by studying various versions of paintings and opinions of
scholars, as well as studying the literary works and manuscripts
related to Iran after Islam, it was concluded that
Persian painting, by utilizing the mythological background
as well as the oriental view based on the unity of man and
nature and by relying on literary and wisdom is known as
the heart for the manifestation of anthropomorphism. The
present study is a fundamental study based on previous
studies in the field of psychology, mythology, religious sociology
and the history of painting.
