سنبل‌آبي (Eichhornia crassipes): اثرات پراكنش، پيامدهاي اجتماعي اقتصادي و راهكارهاي مديريتي آن

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): It’s Distribution, Socioeconomic impacts and management strategies

ﮔﯿﺎه ﺳﻨﺒﻞ آﺑﯽ )Eichhornia crassipes( ﺑﻮﻣﯽ آﻣﺎزون از ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﺮزﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ آن اﻣﺮوزه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺰرگ ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺳﺎزﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز آﺑﺰي در دﻧﯿﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ در درﯾﺎﭼﻪ ﻫﺎ، آب ﺑﻨﺪان ﻫﺎ، ﮐﺎﻧﺎل ﻫﺎي آب و رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ را دارد. ﺳﻨﺒﻞ آﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ ﯾﮏ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﻣﺨﺮب در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﯿﺮي و ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﯿﺮي اﺳﺖ. ﺳﺮﻋﺖ رﺷﺪ اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻗﺎدر اﺳﺖ در ﻣﺪت 5 ﺗﺎ 15 روز 2 ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﻮد. ﻧﺒﻮدن دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ آن ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه در آب ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن آرام ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﻮد و ﯾﮏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺿﺨﯿﻢ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮده از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﻋﻠﺖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻘﺎط دﻧﯿﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﮔﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر زﯾﺒﺎي آن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ داده اﻧﺪ. ﺳﻨﺒﻞ آﺑﯽ در اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي آﺑﯽ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺷﯿﻼت، ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﺮق، ﺣﻤﻞ وﻧﻘﻞ و زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز آﺑﺰي در ﺳﺎل 1391 در ﺗﺎﻻب ﻋﯿﻨﮏ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن رﺷﺖ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪ و ﭘﺲ از آن ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آن در آﺑﮕﯿﺮﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ اﺳﺘﺎن و ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﻻب اﻧﺰﻟﯽ اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﺰارش ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻌﯽ دارد ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮات ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ، ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ آن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is native of Amazonian region in Brazil. Its invasion has become a global challenge. This aquatic macrophyte has been ranked as one of the world’s worst aquatic weeds, invading lakes, ponds, canals and rivers. Due to its extremely fast growth, this weed has become the major floating water weed of tropical and subtropical parts of the word. It grows rapidly doubling in population within a 5-15 day period. In the absence of natural enemies, this weed quickly becomes invasive; colonizing slow moving waters resulting in the thick and extensive mats. This water plant has spread to most parts of the world because of its large beautiful attractive flowers. This plant has disruptive impacts on aquatic ecosystem, agriculture, fisheries, electricity industry, transportation, living conditions and social structures. The recent invasion of Eichhornia crassipes (C. Mart.) Solms (October 2012) in Guilan “Aynak lagoon” is described and its expansion has been reported in several other provinces, especially in Anzali lagoon. The current review discussed its some of problematic environmental concerns and control methods.