كليدواژه :
كاشي , قاجار , علي محمد اصفهاني , شومينه , بخاري
چكيده فارسي :
استفاده از بخاري ديواري در فضاي داخلي معماري ايران، داراي دو رويكرد كاربردي و تزييني بوده است. از اواخر قاجار شومينه هايي با پوشش سراميك رواج پيدا كرده كه با موضوعات بزمي و رزمي نقاشي شده و بيشتر آنها فاقد امضا مي باشند. در اين مقاله چهار نمونه ساخته عليمحمد اصفهاني كاشي ساز دوره قاجار معرفي و از لحاظ نقوش، رنگ و تكنيك بررسي شده اند. آثار وي داراي ويژگيهاي منحصر به فرديست كه آن را از ساير نمونه هاي هم عصرش متمايز مي كند. بر اين اساس هدف تحقيق شناسايي و معرفي شومينه هاي سراميكي ساخته اين هنرمند است و پرسش اين است كه اين نقاشي ها چه ويژگيهاي متفاوتي از لحاظ فني و هنري دارند؟ و آيا شومينه موزه مقدم نيز،ساخته عليمحمد است؟ اطلاعات بصورت كتابخانه اي و ميداني گرد آمده و بصورت توصيفي و تحليلي، در بين چهار نمونه باقي مانده از آثار با امضا يا بدون امضاي اين هنرمند، با رويكردي تاريخي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته اند. يافته هاي اين تحقيق نشان مي دهد تاكنون اولين شومينه سراميكي تاريخدار، ساخته عليمحمد بوده و آثار او در هر دو سبك صفوي و قاجار، كار شده اند. با قراين سبك شناسي، شومينه موزه مقدم نيز اثر همين هنرمند ميباشد.
چكيده لاتين :
There have remained a few chimneys from Qajar period dispersed inside Iran and abroad. It seems that they have been produced in two or three tile production workshops in Tehran or Isfahan. Therefore, the main question of the present research is that what are the most important technical and artistic features of chimneys that have been made by Master Ali-Mohammad Isfahani? Furthermore, has the chimney in the Moghadam Museum been made by the same tilemaker? The chief goal of this research is to identify and introduce those chimneys produced by Ali-Mohammad Isfahani. Ali-Mohammad is a renowned and prolific tile maker in this period who wrote a treatise by order of the Major Robert Murdoch Smith on tile making and ceramics. His works are now preserved in many museums, including the V & A, as well as in impressive buildings inside and outside Iran. He immigrated to Tehran from Isfahan in 1301 AH/1883-84 AD at the recommendation of Smith, the then head of Telegraph Department, setting up a workshop near the Shah Abdol-Azim Gate, in the south of Tehran. We have little evidence from his life and artistic activity at Isfahan. No signed tile by him has been observed at Isfahan. Murdoch Smith visited him twice while travelling to that city. In his second travel, he was astonished by this young artist’s works and admired him. That event was a new page in the professional life of Ali-Mohammad, because Smith and other Europeans such as Monsieur Lemaire, the musician who taught at Dar-ol-Fanoun (the Qajar Poly technique School), brought about the development and establishment of his career at Tehran. Consequently, his works and his workshop became so famous in a short time that other great masters, e.g. Master Mostafa, visited there frequently. The signed works by Ali-Mohammad are not few. Such a level of production indicates that his workshop has been the most important place in making painted tiles, tiled panels, ceramics and glazed. This article studies, four tiled chimneys by Master Ali-Mohammad by gathering data from textual sources, internet, as well as field research. It should be be pointed out here that the technical aspects of such chimneys, their constructions and heating systems have not been taken into consideration as a result of considering aesthetics and art matters. Now two of chimneys are in Olana State Historic Site, New York; one is preserved in the V & A Museum (only its border is on display without any other tiles). The fourth ceramic chimney, preserved at the Moghadam Museum, is attributed to Ali-Mohammad and bears no sign. The findings of this research prove that this piece has been made by Ali-Mohammad. Regarding this master’s professional background as a mason, ceramic chimneys should be considered one of his own innovations. Other artisans must have followed this trend making such tiled chimneys in this artist’s workshop, since there was mass production of molded tiles for dados in that place. All other chimneys of this type have been flanked by such tiles on either side.
