پديد آورندگان :
ﻗﻄﺐ ﺷﺮﯾﻒ، ﻣﻬﻨﺎ ﺳﺎدات داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ - ﮔﺮوه اﮔﺮوﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي , اﺳﺪي، ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻌﻠﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ - ﮔﺮوه اﮔﺮوﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي , ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻮي، ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺟﻮاد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ - ﮔﺮوه اﮔﺮوﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي
كليدواژه :
تجمع ماده خشك , سرعت رشد محصول , شاخص سطح برگ , شاخص سودمندي پولي , نسبت برابري زمين
چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ رﯾﺤﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺣﺒﻮﺑﺎت و ﺑﻘﻮﻻت ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ و ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗـﺮ از آن، ﺗﺜﺒﯿـﺖ ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﮔﺎﻣﯽ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري در ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺮﻫﯿﺰ از ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﻬﺎده ﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از اﯾﻦ رو، اﻫﺪاﻓﯽ ﮐﻪ از اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻮد ﻋﺒﺎرت از: ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪي اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي رﯾﺤﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﮐﺸﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﺺ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﻮد.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﮐﺸﺎورزي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 1397-98 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ از 1( ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ )P(، 2( و ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ رﯾﺤـﺎن ) O( و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ اﯾﻦ دو ﮔﯿﺎه ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 3( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ 1:3 ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ و رﯾﺤﺎن )P1O3(، 4( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ 2:2 ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳـﺒﺰ و رﯾﺤﺎن )P2O2( و 5( ﻧﺴﺒﺖ 3:1 ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ و رﯾﺤﺎن )P3O1(. ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ روزاﻧﻪ روﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ در ﻃﻮل دوره رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫـﺎن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮآورد ﺷﺪ و در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﻓﺼﻞ رﺷﺪ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﻠﻮط )ﻏﻼف ﻫﺎي ﺗـﺎزه ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳـﺒﺰ و ﺑـﺬر ﺧﺸﮏ رﯾﺤﺎن( اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪي ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي زﻣﯿﻦ )LER(، ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ اﻓـﺖ واﻗﻌﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد )AYL( و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪي ﭘﻮﻟﯽ )MAI( ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮازش ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ، ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ آﻣـﺎر ي داده ﻫـﺎ و رﺳـﻢ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﻫﺎي SAS v 9.2 ،Slide Write ver2.0 و 2016 MS Excel اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ.
ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ در ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ و رﯾﺤﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان 3/4 و 3 و ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ آن ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر P1O3 )0/2( و ﺑﺮاي رﯾﺤﺎن در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر P3O1 )2( ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ در ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ 973 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ و در ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ رﯾﺤﺎن 1654 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ و ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎده ﺧﺸﮏ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر P1O3 )44 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( و در رﯾﺤﺎن در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرP3O1 )755 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻮد. ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان رﺷﺪ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ و رﯾﺤـﺎن در ﮐﺸـﺖ ﺧـﺎﻟﺺ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 20/56 و 17/92 ﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در روز ﺑﻮد. ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ رﺷﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ ﻧﯿﺰ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر P1O3 0/04 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم در روز و در رﯾﺤﺎن در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺧﺎﻟﺺ 0/03 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم در روز ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿـ ﺰان رﺷـﺪ ﻧﺴـ ﺒﯽ ﺑـﻮد. ﺑـ ﯿﺶ ﺗـﺮ ﯾﻦ ﻣﯿـﺰان ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ اﺳﯿﻤﯿﻼﺳﯿﻮن ﺧﺎﻟﺺ در ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺧﺎﻟﺺ )8/3 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در روز( و ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺧﺎﻟﺺ رﯾﺤﺎن )8/05 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ در روز( ﺑﻮد. ﻫﯿﭻ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي P1O3 و P2O2 اﯾﺠـﺎد ﻧﺸـﺪ از اﯾـﻦ رو، ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﯽ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﻫـﺎي ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪي ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي زﻣﯿﻦ )LER(، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﻓﺖ واﻗﻌﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد )AYL( و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳـﻮدﻣﻨﺪي ﭘـﻮﻟﯽ )MAI(در اﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﺤﺼﻮل رﯾﺤﺎن در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر P1O3 ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ ﮐﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ آن ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪي ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ و ﺑـﻪ ﮐﺸـﺖ ﺧـﺎﻟﺺ ارﺟﺤﯿﺖ داﺷﺖ.
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻋﺪم ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﯾﺤﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط را ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻗﺪرت ﮐﻢ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ و ﻣﻐﻠﻮﺑﯿـﺖ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﺎ رﯾﺤﺎن ﻧﺸﺎن داد. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي P3O1 از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﺳـﻮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ زراﻋﯽ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﺗﺮ ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ردﯾﻔﯽ ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ و رﯾﺤﺎن ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐـﻪ ﮔﯿـﺎه دﯾﮕـﺮي از ﻟﮕـﻮم ﯾـﺎ ﺣﺒﻮﺑﺎت ﮐﻪ داراي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺮ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ و ﻋﺪم ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﻧﯿﭻ ﻫـﺎي اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾـﮏ ﺑـﺎ اﯾـﻦ ﮔﯿـﺎن ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻟﻮﺑﯿﺎﺳﺒﺰ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ رﯾﺤﺎن ﮔﺮدد
چكيده لاتين :
Background and objectives: Intercropping of basil with legumes due to morphological differences and more importantly, their biological stabilization can be a step towards sustainability in agriculture and also to avoid the use of chemical inputs and therefore produce healthier products. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to evaluate and compare different indicators of growth, yield and ecological and economic usefulness of basil with green bean in pure crops and mixed replacement ratios in Mashhad climatic conditions.
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted in RCBD design at the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the growing year 2018 19. The treatments were: 1) sole cropping of green bean (P), 2) and also basil (O) and different ratios of intercropping of these two plants, including 3) 1:3 ratio of green bean and basil (P1O3), 4) ratio 2:2 green bean and basil (P2O2) and 5) 3:1 ratio green bean and basil (P3O1). Daily values of growth indices during the growth period of plants were estimated using the specific functions, and at the end of the growing season, the final yield of intercropped species (fresh green pods of green bean and basil dried seeds) was measured and indicators related to the advantage of intercropping including land equivalent ratio (LER), actual yield loss (AYL) and the monetary advantage index (MAI) were calculated. Function fitting, statistical analysis of data and drawing of figures were performed using Slide Write ver2.0, SAS v 9.2 and MS Excel 2016, respectively.
Results: The highest LAI recorded in sole cropping of green bean and basil (3.4 and 3 respectively) and the lowest was for green bean in P1O3 (0.2) and for basil in P3O1 (2). Also, highest TDM in sole cropping of green bean was 973 g m2 and in sole cropping of basil was 1654 g m2 and the lowest ones for intercropped green bean was in P1O3 (44 g m2) and in the intercropped basil in P3O1 (755 g m2). The highest CGR of green bean and basil in their sole cropping were 20.56 and 17.92 g m2 day-1, respectively. The mean RGR of green bean was 0.03 g g-1 in P1O3 and the highest RGR was in basil in the sole cropping treatment (0.03 g g-1) The highest NAR in green bean was in its sole cropping (8.3 g m2 day-1) and basil (8.5 g m2 day-1). No economic yield was achieved for green bean in P1O3 and P2O2 treatments, so all the advantage indices of intercropping including LER, AYL and MAI in these treatments were negative. Also, the highest yield of basil was obtained in P1O3, which was not significantly different from its sole culture, and only in this treatment the intercropping advantage indices studied were positive and preferred to sole culture.
Conclusion: The results truly showed incompatibility of basil with green bean in intercropping due to low competitiveness and weakness of green bean in intercropping with basil. Although intercropping in P3O1 treatment was economically and ecologically beneficial, but by considering all the conditions such as the possibility of implementing this cultivation ratio, it is suggested that while examining more different aspects of intercropping of basil with green bean such as weed competition and mechanisms of basil competition with green bean, another legume crop that has more desirable characteristics in terms of ecological compatibility and non-interference of ecological niches with this plant to replace green bean in basil production systems.
