تأثير تقسيط فسفر بر كارايي آن و پويايي روي و فسفر در خاك و اندام هاي هوايي دو رقم برنج (هاشمي و گيلانه)

The effect of phosphorus split application on use efficiency and dynamic of phosphorus and zinc at the soil, aerial parts, and grain, and Zinc biofortification of two rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) (Hashemi and Guilaneh)

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﺎوﺟﻮد اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ، ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ آن در اﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ و از 25 درﺻﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪه ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه آن ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺧﺎك ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ و از دﺳﺘﺮس ﮔﯿﺎه در ﻓﺼﻞ رﺷﺪ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺎوﺟﻮد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﺎر در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﻣﺼﺮف ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺎﯾﻪ و ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎك، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺮروي ﻋﻨﺼﺮ روي در ﺧﺎك و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﯾﻦ دو ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻧﺎدر اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ )ﮔﻠﺪاﻧﯽ( ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﻫﺪاف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺮ روﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و روي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬب در ﺧﺎك در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﺮﻧﺞ، ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و روي در اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن دو رﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻫﺎﺷﻤﯽ )ﻣﺤﻠﯽ( و ﮔﯿﻼﻧﻪ )اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه( در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ و اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮔﻠﺪاﻧﯽ در ﻫﻮاي آزاد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﯽ 1397-98 در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﮐﺸﻮر در رﺷﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﻮد ﻓﺴـﻔﺮ در ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﻄﺢ، ﺧﺎك در دو ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺳﯿﻠﺖ ﻟﻮم و ﻟﻮم رﺳﯽ( و دو رﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻫﺎﺷﻤﯽ )ﻣﺤﻠﯽ( و ﮔﯿﻼﻧﻪ )اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه( ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﮐﻮد ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺳﻮﭘﺮﻓﺴﻔﺎت ﺗﺮﯾﭙﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از: ﺑﺪون ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻮد )ﺷﺎﻫﺪ(، 100 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻮد ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي ﮐﻮد ﻓﺴﻔﺮ )50 درﺻﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ و 50 درﺻﺪ 20 روز ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻧﺸﺎﮐﺎري(، ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي ﮐﻮد ﻓﺴﻔﺮ )50 درﺻﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ و 50 درﺻﺪ 60 روز ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻧﺸﺎﮐﺎري( و ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي ﮐﻮد ﻓﺴﻔﺮ )50 درﺻﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، 25 درﺻـﺪ 20 روز ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﻧﺸﺎﮐﺎري و 25 درﺻﺪ 60 روز ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻧﺸﺎﮐﺎري(. ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻓﺴﻔﺮ و روي ﺑﺮگ، ﺳﺎﻗﻪ، ﺧﻮﺷﻪ و داﻧـﻪ ، و ﻣﺤﺘـﻮاي روي ﺧـﺎك در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﻪ زﻧﯽ، ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ و رﺳﯿﺪﮔﯽ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ: ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬب ﺧﺎك در زﻣﺎن ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ ارﻗﺎم ﻫﺎﺷﻤﯽ )95/3 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم( و ﮔﯿﻼﻧﻪ )109/6 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔـﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻫﺎي ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي و دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ روي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬب ﺧﺎك در زﻣﺎن ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ ﺑﺮاي ارﻗﺎم ﻫﺎﺷﻤﯽ )8/6 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم( و ﮔﯿﻼﻧﻪ )8/7 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻫﺎي ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي و دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻓﺴﻔﺮ داﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺮاي ارﻗﺎم ﻫﺎﺷﻤﯽ 0/25و ﮔﯿﻼﻧﻪ 0/20 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔـﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠـﻮﮔﺮم ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ در ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﻪ و دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﻣﯿﺰان روي داﻧﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﺴـﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت 100 درﺻﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ زراﻋﯽ )3/ 13 و 7/ 12 ﮐﯿﻠـﻮﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم(، ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ )693/1 و 740/1 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم(، ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ - زراﻋﯽ )482 و 753 ﮐﯿﻠـﻮﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠـﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي )2/ 7 و 67/ 5 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم(، ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف )1998 و 1272/2 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ ﺑـﺮاي ارﻗﺎم ﻫﺎﺷﻤﯽ و ﮔﯿﻼﻧﻪ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ دو و ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺪل رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯽ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮه ﺧﻄﯽ ﮔﺎم ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎم ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬب ﺧﺎك در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ رﺳﯿﺪن داﻧﻪ، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ روي در داﻧﻪ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ روي در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ 52 درﺻﺪ از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد داﻧﻪ را ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ 54/7 درﺻﺪي روي داﻧﻪ در رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎﺷﻤﯽ و در ﺧﺎك ﻟﻮم ﺳﯿﻠﺖ در ﺗﻘﺴـﯿﻂ ﺳـﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ اي و اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ 37/5 درﺻﺪي در رﻗﻢ ﮔﯿﻼﻧﻪ و در ﺧﺎك رس ﺳﯿﻠﺖ در ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﭘﺎﯾﻪ )100 درﺻﺪ( ﮐﻮد ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻂ در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ داﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ.

Introduction: Despite the P vitality for rice cultivation, its recovery index in paddy soils is very low and less than 25% of added P, and the rest goes out of reach of rice plant through the P fixation by soil particles at different fractions. Also, despite abundant studies on the effect of basal soil P application, we face a lack of knowledge on research findings of the P splitting application and its effect on soil Zn concentration and tissues Zn content. Thus, the current research project was done to explore the effect of P splitting application at flooded conditions on the soil and rice plant tissues P and Zn variation trend at the different rice growth stages of two more common varieties (Hashemi and Guilaneh varieties). Materials and methods: The outdoor pot experiment was conducted on a three factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at the research farm of the rice research institute of Iran, Rasht. The experimental treatments were: phosphorus fertilizer split application at five levels, soil at two levels, and rice varieties at two levels (Hashemi (local variety) and Guilaneh(improved variety)), The P application treatments were: control (no added P), 100% basal, P split application at 50% basal and 50% at 20 days after transplanting (DAT), P split application at 50% basal and 50% at 60 days after transplanting (DAT), P split application at 50% basal, 25% at 20 days after transplanting, and 25% at 60 days after transplanting. Results: The results indicated that the highest soil available P and Zn concentrations were recorded at the flowering stage about 95.3 and 90.10, and 8.6 and 8.7 mgkg-1by two and three P split for Hashemi and Guilaneh, respectively. Also, the maximum P of rice grain was obtained about 0.17 and 0.20 mgkg-1 for Hashemi and Guilaneh, respectively. The Zn content of rice grain at P split pots was significantly more than control and 100% basal application. The highest agricultural recovery (13.31 and 12.72), physiological (693.19 and 740.10) and physiological-agricultural efficiency (482.00 and 753.00), P use efficiency (5.34 and 5.66), and apparent recovery (1998 and 1272.22 kg kg-1) were found for Hashemi and Guilaneh, respectively, in the two and three P split application. Furthermore, stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the soil available P concentration at ripening stage, Zn content of the grain, and Zn concentration at rice aerial parts can explain 52% of grain yield variations for studied rice cultivars. Conclusion: The three-stage P splitting (50% soil basal, 25% 20 DAT, and 25% 60 DAT) increased the Zn content of the Hashemi variety by about 54.72% at slit loam soil, whereas the Guilaneh rice variety was received a 37.5% increase in Zn content of grain in silty clay through two-stage P splitting (50% soil basal and 50% 20 DAT) compare to control (100 % basal). It can be concluded both three and two-stage P splitting might be positively significantly effective on rice grain nutritional quality.