تحليل روايات هرودت از لشكركشي كمبوجيه به مصر

An Analysis of Herodotus' account of Cambyses' Campaign in Egypt

ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ درﺑﺎره ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯿﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮودت ﺑﻪ رواﯾﺖ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ رواﯾﺎت ﻫﺮودت ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ دﯾﮕﺮ و ﮐﺸﻔﯿﺎت ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، ﯾﮑﯽ از اﻫﺪاف اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر اﺳﺖ. اراﺋﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ درﺑﺎره ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ و اﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ در دو ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﯾﺮان و ﻣﺼﺮ، ﻧﯿﺰ از اﻫﺪاف دﯾﮕﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺻﻠﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮودت ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﻋﻠﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﮐﺮد؟ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ رواﯾﺎت ﻫﺮودت، ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺎه و ﺑﯽﮔﺎه ﻣﺼﺮ در اﻣﻮر دوﻟﺖﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ آﺳﯿﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮏ و ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯿﺎن اﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪ دﯾﮕﺮ رواﯾﺖ ﻫﺮودت ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﻋﻠﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ را ﻧﻘﺾ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. در واﻗﻊ ﻓﻬﻢ رواﯾﺎت ﻫﺮودت ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ دﯾﮕﺮ رواﯾﺎت ﺧﻮد ﻫﺮودت ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯿﺎن، ﭘﯿﺶ و ﭘﺲ از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﯿﺴﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ رواﯾﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻫﺮودت درﺑﺎره ﻋﻠﻞ و اﻧﮕﯿﺰه اﯾﻦ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﮐﺮد.

Cambyses' campaign in Egypt is one of the major issues concerning the Achaemenids, narrated by Herodotus. Further investigation of Herodotus' narratives on this subject, with the help of other sources and modern archeological discoveries, is one of the aims of this paper. Providing different analyses on the historical causes and motivation of Cambyses campaign in Egypt in the two areas of studies about the history of Iran and Egypt is another aim of this article. Here the main question is, can Herodotus be trusted about the causes of Cambyses' invasion of Egypt? The examination of some of Herodotus' narratives shows the occasional Egyptian interference in the affairs of the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Achaemenid colonies, which further contradicts Herodotus' account of the causes of Cambyses' invasion of Egypt. In fact, the understanding of Herodotus' narratives on the Cambyses' invasion of Egypt is possible by analyzing other accounts of Herodotus about the Achaemenid history, before and after the Cambyses' invasion of Egypt; and, one cannot rely solely on Herodotus' direct accounts of the causes and motivation of this campaign.