كليدواژه :
هنر عصر صفوي , مكتب كتاب‌آرايي مشهد , هفت‌اورنگ ابراهيم‌ميرزا , اصول هفتگانه تزئيني نگارگري
چكيده فارسي :
يكي از وجوه مهم ساختار بصري هنر نگارگري‌ايران، وجه تزيين‌گرايي آن است كه در مكاتب مختلف، صورت‌هايي متنوع به‌خودگرفته و در دورة صفوي با تدوين هفت اصل تزئيني نگارگري توسط احمد‌موسي، بياني مدون يافته‌است. اين اصول عبارتند از اسليمي، ختايي، فرنگي، نيلوفر، ابر، واق، بند‌رومي(گره چيني). به‌نظر مي‌رسد درباره كاربرد اين اصول، در نگارگري مكتب‌مشهد، پژوهشي صورت نپذيرفته و از‌آنجا‌كه نسخه هفت‌اورنگ ابراهيم‌ميرزا، از جمله نسخ باشكوهي‌است كه توسط نگارگران عصر‌صفوي در مشهد مصور گرديده، اين بررسي مي‌تواند اطلاعات بيشتري از ويژگي‌هاي نگارگري مكتب مشهد به‌دست دهد. بنابراين پرسش اصلي پژوهش حاضر اين‌‌است كه اصول هفتگانه تزئيني نگارگري‌ايران در عصر‌صفوي، چگونه در نگاره‌هاي هفت‌اورنگ ابراهيم‌ميرزا به‌كار رفته است؟ هدف پژوهش، بررسي تطبيقي كاربرد هفت اصل تزئيني نگارگري در نگاره‌هاي هفت‌اورنگ ابراهيم‌ميرزاست. روش پژوهش توصيفي-تطبيقي و روش گردآوري اطلاعات، كتابخانه‌اي است. يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه اصول ختايي و نيلوفر، بيشتر از سايرين و اصل اسليمي بيشتر در كاشي نماي بناها، اصل‌ابر در نيمي از نگاره‌ها و اصل واق در اغلب آن‌ها استفاده شده، درحالي‌كه اصل فرنگي بسيار كم تر و فقط در آثار شيخ محمد و ميرزاعلي ديده مي‌شود. اصل‌گره در نگاره‌هاي داراي بنا به سبك معماري رايج دوره صفويه استفاده شده‌است. درواقع نگارگران نسخه هفت‌اورنگ كوشيده‌اند تا به سنت تزئين‌گرايي نگارگري ايران وفادار باشند كه علاوه‌بر نمايش مهارت آنان، مي‌تواند از ويژگي‌هاي‌كتاب‌آرايي مكتب مشهد نيز به‌شمارآيد.
چكيده لاتين :
One of the important aspects of the visual s tructure of Iranian painting is its decorative aspect, which has taken various forms in different schools and has been expressed in the Safavid period with the compilation of seven decorative principles of painting by Ahmad Mousa. These principles include Islimi, Khataie, Farangi, Niloofar, Abr, Waq, Bande Rumi (Greh Chini). It seems that no research has been done on the usage of these principles in the painting of Mashhad School, and since Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang is one of the magnificent manuscripts illus trated by Safavid painters in Mashhad, this s tudy can provide more information on the characteris tics of Mashhad school. Therefore, the main ques tion of the present s tudy is how the seven decorative principles of Iranian painting in the Safavid era were used in Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang? The aim is a comparative s tudy of the usage of Seven Decorative Principles of Iranian Painting in the paintings of Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang. The method of this research is descriptive-comparative and the method of data collection is library. Findings show that the principles of Khataie and Niloofar are used by all painters and in all paintings; in fact Khatai principle has been used to decorate the components of the painting and in golden, azure, red, blue, white and black colors. Niloofar principle has been widely used among Khatai motifs and in various colors. This process of using Niloofar Principle continued during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavid, but its name was changed to Shah Abbasi flower. Islimi Principle is used more in the facade tiles of the building and it is more of a golden color that is embossed on an azure and black background. Abr Principle which is of Chinese origin, is used in half of the paintings, and in mos t cases in black and white. Waq Principle, which is derived from the concept of the tree of life, is also used in mos t paintings, and this shows the adherence to the painting traditions of the pas t. While the usage of Farangi Principle is much less than other principles and is used only in the works of Sheikh Mohammad and Mirza Ali, and considering that almos t half of the paintings are attributed to these two painters, it s till has a low percentage of usage. In fact, after a period of decline, at the end of the Safavid period, Farangi Principle is used again in abundance and in the form of Farangisazi. Greh Principle is used in paintings based on the common architectural s tyle of the Safavid period. In fact, the painters of Haft Awrang have tried to be faithful to the decorative tradition of Iranian painting, which in addition to showing their skills in painting, can also be considered as a feature of their artwork. In addition, the different levels of usage of these principles and the emphasis on decorating many components of the paintings, can be considered as one of the features of Mashhad school book decoration, which of course needs more researches.
Keywords
Safavid Art, Mashhad School of Book Decoration, Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang, Seven Decorative Principles of Painting.
