راهبرد ايران و تركيه در مديريت بحران در منطقه غرب آسيا: مطالعه موردي بحران سوريه

A Comparative Study of Iran-Turkey Public Diplomacy in Relation to the Syrian Crisis

ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در ﭘﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺑﺰار دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﻗﺪرت ﻧﺮم در ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ راﻫﺒﺮد اﯾﺮان و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻮﻻت آن از ﭼﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ؟ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از اﯾﻦﮐﻪ اﯾﺮان ﻫﻤﻮاره اﺑﺰار دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺪرت ﻧﺮم را در راﻫﺒﺮد ﺧﻮد در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ؛ اﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ از ﺳﺎل 1999 ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 2011 دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺪرت ﻧﺮم ﺧﻮد را در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮد اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮوع ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ رﻓﺘﻪ رﻓﺘﻪ راﻫﺒﺮد ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻗﺪرت ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ. زﯾﺮا ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دﮐﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﯽﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻋﻤﻖ اﺳﺘﺰاﺗﮋﯾﮏ ﺧﻮد در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻮد و ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ را ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدن اﺧﻮان اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﯿﻦ در ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻣﺤﻮر اﺧﻮاﻧﯽ ﺗﺮﻏﯿﺐ ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻟﺬا ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ در ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ دوﻟﺖ اﺳﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ راﻫﺒﺮد ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر از ﻗﺪرت ﻧﺮم ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪرت ﺳﺨﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ دﻫﺪ. اﻣﺎ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺣﻔﻆ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﺧﻮد در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻟﺬا ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﺧﻮد را از دوﻟﺖ و ﻣﻠﺖ ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ اﺑﺮاز داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ در راﻫﺒﺮد اﯾﺮان در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺗﺪاوم داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺑﺮ رواﺑﻂ اﯾﺮان و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺮدآوري دادهﻫﺎ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي و اﺳﻨﺎدي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ و ﻧﻈﺎمﻣﻨﺪ ﻛﺮدن ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، از ﻣﻔﻬﻮم دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

The present article seeks to answer the fundamental question of what is the place of the tools of public diplomacy and soft power in formulating the strategy of Iran and Turkey towards Syria and its developments? The hypothesis to answer this question is that Iran has always maintained the tools of public diplomacy based on soft power in its strategy towards Syria; But from 1999 to 2011, Turkey maintained its soft diplomacy based on soft power towards Syria, but with the beginning of the Syrian developments, Syria's strategy gradually turned to a hard power strategy. Because Turkey, according to the doctrine of Ottomanism, sought to expand its strategic depth in the region, and the developments in Syria encouraged Turkey to achieve this goal by establishing the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria and expanding the Brotherhood axis. Therefore, Turkey faced the Assad government in the developments in Syria, and it was natural that the foreign policy strategy of this country would change from soft power to hard power. But Iran seeks to maintain its position in the region and Syria, so it has always expressed its support for the Syrian government and people, and public diplomacy has continued in Iran's strategy towards Syria. Therefore, the developments in Syria have also had a negative impact on Iran-Turkey relations. In this article, the descriptive-analytical method is used to collect data from library and documentary sources and in order to refine and systematize the research findings, the concept of public diplomacy is used.