مروري بر گونه شناسي نقوش جانوري ظروف زرين فام سده هاي ميانۀ كاشان موجود در مو زۀ آبگينه و سفالينه هاي ايران

A Review of the Typology of the Animal Motifs of Middle-Century Luster Potteries of Kashan Available in the Glassware and Ceramic Museum of Iran

ﺳﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي زرﯾﻦ ﻓﺎم ﮐﺎﺷﺎن ﻃـﯽ ﻗـﺮون ﺷﺸـﻢ و ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﻫﺠـﺮي ﻗﻤـﺮي ﺑﺎزﺗـﺎﺑﯽ از ﻧﻘـﺶ ﭘـﺮدازي ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ اﺳـﺖ. ﺑـﺮ روي ﻇـﺮوف زرﯾـﻦ ﻓـﺎم ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﯾﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ، ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻤﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، اﺳﻠﯿﻤﯽ، ﮐﺘﯿﺒﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري و ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﻧﻘﺶ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﯿﺎن آن ﻫﺎ از زﯾﺒﺎﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻠﻮه ﻫﺎي ﺧﻼﻗﯿﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن در ﻋﺮﺻﮥ ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻦ ﻇﺮوف زرﯾﻦ ﻓﺎم، ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻧﻘﻮش ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻧﻮران اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﺟﺬاﺑﯿﺖ ﺑﺼﺮي ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪ ﻓـﺮدي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻧـﺪ. ﺑـﺮ اﯾـﻦ اﺳﺎس ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﻧﻮاع ﻧﻘﻮش ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻮش ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻧﻮران ﺑﺮ ﺳـﻔﺎل ﻫـﺎي زرﯾـﻦ ﻓـﺎم ﮐﺎﺷـﺎن ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺖ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي زرﯾﻦ ﻓﺎم ﻣﻮزۀ آﺑﮕﯿﻨﻪ و ﺳﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺻﻠﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﺳـﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي زرﯾﻦ ﻓﺎم ﻣﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺷﺸﻢ و ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻫﺠﺮي ﻗﻤﺮي ﮐﺎﺷﺎن ﻣﻮزۀ آﺑﮕﯿﻨﻪ و ﺳﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان در ﺑﺮﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪۀ ﭼـﻪ ﻧـﻮع ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﺎﯾـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺟـﺎﻧﻮري ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﯿﺴﺖ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﮥ زرﯾﻦ ﻓﺎم در ﻣﻮز ۀ ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از درازي ﺳﺨﻦ از ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺳـﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮع ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ آﺛﺎر، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد دوزاده ﻋﺪد ﻇﺮف ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮم ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺎﺳـﻪ، ﺑﺸـﻘﺎب و ﺗﻨﮓ ﮐﻪ از ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي ﺑﻬﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻘﻮش ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺎﯾﻪ، ﻣﻔﻬـﻮم ﻧﻤـﺎدﯾﻦ آن ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺷـﺮح داده ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ. روش اﻧﺠـﺎم اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺗﻮﺻـﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠـﯽ و ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪۀ ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷـﺪه ﻧﻘـﻮش ﺟـﺎﻧﻮري ﺳـﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي زرﯾﻦ ﻓﺎم ﻣﻮزۀ آﺑﮕﯿﻨﻪ در ﭘﻨﺞ دﺳﺘﮥ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ در ﺑﺮﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪۀ ﻧﻘـﻮش ﺣﯿﻮاﻧـﺎت وﺣﺸـﯽ )ﭘﻠﻨـﮓ، ﺧﺮﮔـﻮش(، ﺣﯿﻮاﻧـﺎت اﻫﻠـﯽ )ﺳـﮓ، اﺳـﺐ، ﺑـﺰ( ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎن اردك، ﻃﺎووس، ﻟﮏ ﻟﮏ(، آﺑﺰﯾﺎن )ﻣﺎﻫﯽ( و ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒـﯽ )ﻫـﺎرﭘﯽ( ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣـﺎﮐﯽ از آن اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻧﻘـﻮش ﺟﺎﻧﻮران ﺣﻀﻮر ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮي در ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻦ ﻇﺮوف ﺳﻔﺎﻟﯿﻦ زرﯾﻦ ﻓﺎم ﺳﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺷﺸﻢ و ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻫﺠﺮي ﻗﻤﺮي ﮐﺎﺷﺎن دارﻧـﺪ و اﻏﻠـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ اﺻـﻠﯽ

Middle-century luster potteries of Kashan (during 6th and 7th Hijri-lunar centuries) are a reflection of different designs. Different drawings of the human, plants, slimes, inscriptions, and animal have been observed on luster potteries obtained from this city. Among them, one of the most beautiful manifestations of human creativity in the field of decorating luster potteries is the visually appealing designs of various animal motifs. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is to identify and classify the types of animal motifs available on luster potteries of Kashan available in the Glassware and Ceramic Museum of Iran. To this end, the main objective of the present research is to find out the meanings implied by animal elements in the luster pottery terracotta collection attributed to the 6th and 7th centuries. In the preliminary investigation, 20 Luster potteries were studied. Then, based on the similarities in the type of animal decorations, only 12 containers of different shapes-- including bowls, plates, and jugs-- which had higher image quality were selected. Afterwards, these animal motifs were divided, investigated, and described in terms of the symbolic meaning of each motif. The method of conducting this research has been a historical-descriptive one. The data were collected through field observation and library study. The findings of the research indicated that animal motifs had a significant presence in the decoration of Luster pottery vessels of the 6th and 7th Hijri-lunar centuries. They were often drawn as the main decorative element on the base of the dishes.