ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﻋﺠﯿﺐ در ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻋﺠﺎﯾﺐاﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت ﻃﻮﺳﯽ ﻗﺮن 6 ه.ق

Typology of Strange Creatures in the Version of Aja'ib al-Makhluqat of Tusi

ﻧﺴﺨﻪي ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻋﺠﺎﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت و ﻏﺮاﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدات )ﺷﮕﻔﺘﯽﻫﺎي آﻓﺮﯾﻨﺶ( ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ ﺷﻤﺲاﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ اﺣﻤﺪ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﻃﻮﺳﯽ )ﻗﺮن ﺷﺸﻢ ﻫـ.ق.( ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ ﺷﺪه، ﺷﻬﺮﺗﯽ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در اﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﻋﺠﯿﺐ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ، ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﯽ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، اﺑﺘﺪا ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻋﺠﺎﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎت ﻃﻮﺳـﯽ )ﻗـﺮن 6ه.ق( و ﺳﭙﺲ دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات در ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺨﯿﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﮐﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮى ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻧﺴﺨﮥ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ، ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎ داراي دﻗﺎﯾﻖ و ﻇﺮاﯾﻒ وﯾﮋهاي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﮐﻪ آنﻫﺎ را، ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ دﻗﯿﻖ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. از اﯾﻦرو در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ و ﻧﮕﺎره-ﻫﺎي آن، ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه، ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﻮع ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه و در ﺟﺪوﻟﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎي اﯾـﻦ ﻧﺴـﺨﻪ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ دارﻧﺪ؟ و در ﭘﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال اﺳﺖ: در ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻋﺠﺎﯾـﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎت ﻃﻮﺳـﯽ )ﻗـﺮن6 ه.ق(، ﭼﻨﺪﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﻋﺠﯿﺐ وﺟﻮد دارد؟ روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ - ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺷﯿﻮه ﮔﺮدآوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي- اﺳﻨﺎدي اﺳﺖ. روش ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ آﺛﺎر ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮐﯿﻔﯽ و از ﺣﯿﺚ ﻫﺪف، ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ اذﻋﺎن دارﻧﺪﮐﻪ ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﯾـﻦ ﻧﺴـﺨﻪ در 6 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪي ﻣﻮﺟـﻮدات ﻋﺠﯿـﺐ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﻋﺠﯿـﺐ در دو ﺷـﺎﺧﮥ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒـﯽ و ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻘـﯽ ﻗـﺮار ﻣـﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﻧـﺪ. ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ داراي ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺷﺎﻣﻞ : 1- ﭘﯿﮑﺮﮔﺮداﻧﯽ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ 2- ﭘﯿﮑﺮﮔﺮداﻧﯽ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﯽ 3- ﮔﯿـﺎﻫﯽ 4- ﺻﻮر اﻓﻼك اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﯾﻦ دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺟﺰﺋﯽﺗﺮي ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻘﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دوﮔﻮﻧﻪ 1- ﻗﺼﺺ ﻗﺮآﻧﯽ و رواﯾﺎت اﻟﻬﯽ 2-ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﻋﺠﯿﺐ و ﻏﺮﯾﺐ )ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻘﯽ( اژدﻫﺎ، ﺳﯿﻤﺮغ، دﯾﻮ و ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Wonder writing and wonder drawing in the culture, language and literature of nations, especially Iranian culture, has a long history. Aja'ib al Makhluqat of Tusi is one of the Iranian manuscripts whose subject is wonder painting. The famous version of Wonders has Aja'ib al Makhluqat of Tusi (Creation wonders ) written by Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad Salmani al-Tusi (sixth century AH) has gained worldwide fame. It has attracted many painters and several versions of it have been illustrated. The drawings in this version are depicted in terms of the characteristics of strange creatures, are suitable for studying the typology of these creatures. The creatures of this version are taken from the imagination of the author and consequently the painter, and their sources are stories and narratives that have been popular among the people. Exotic creatures with various hybrid and integrated features and physical features and unique abilities are noticeable all over the book, which shows the creativity of the painter. The painter has created many species, based on the transformation of form and evolution, from human to animal and vice versa, and from animal to animal, or human and animal to plant, or in other words, has transformed them. The origin of these creatures is nature. The purpose of this research was first to introduce the version of Aja'ib al Makhluqat of Tusi (6th century AH) and then to categorize different species of creatures in the drawings of this version. Therefore, in this research, after introducing the version and its drawings, based on the types of images, different it species of drawings are categorized and introduced in a table. Accordingly, this article seeks to examine whether this version is capable of writing a typology or not. an‎d it seeks to answer this question: In Aja'ib al-Makhluqat of Tusi (6th century AH), how many species of strange creatures are there? The following research has descriptive-analytical method. This research has been done on the documentary study of the manuscript of Aja'ib al-Makhluqat of Tusi (6th century AH) and the species of strange creatures will be categorized. The method of identifying resources,are libraries, and tools for collecting information are taking notes and observing images. In addition to library studies (articles, thses, books), the information collecting will be through observing the image and viewing the works. besides, information websites, art databases, and virtual libraries will contribute to this research. The data are analyzed on a case-by-case basis. An overview of the research acknowledges that the images in this version are divided into six types of strange creatures. The findings of those strange creatures fall into two categories: hybrid and integrated. Hybrid cretures have four species. Including: 1- Human body transformation 2- Animal body transformation 3- Plant 4- Skies images, each category is specifically categorized. Integrated creatures include two types 1- Quranic stories and divine narrations 2- Strange creatures (combined) Dragon, Simorgh, Demon and Angel. Overall, the typology of exotic creatures has led us to conclude that exotic creatures have a wide variety of hybrid creatures. These creatures can be seen in terms of appearance and shape with various and integrated variations.