مكتب نگارگري بغداد با تاكيد بر مضامين شيعي

Shiʹah Concepts and the Baghdad School of Painting

The Baghdad school of painting, from the beginning of the reign of the Abbassi Caliphs, was considered as the major painting school of Islamic paintings; it was centered on illustrating books with scientific and technical contents. In this specific period, a prohibition on illustrating human figures was introduced by the government; and therefore, painters and artists were forbidden to draw faces or human bodies. However, these principals were considerably altered after the invasion of Baghdad by various powers such as the Al-Jalayers, Safavids and Ottomans. In the Al Jalayers and Ottoman empires, artists began and accomplished the illustration of literary works such as the collection of poems by Khajoo Kermani and Sultan Ahmad Jalayeri and other religious and spiritual literary pieces. The Baghdad school of painting in the Ottoman era was highly influenced by the Shiʹah beliefs and the broad outlooks of the Safavids and many stories regarding the life of the Prophet and Ali were depicted. Considering the developmental progress of the Baghdad school of painting, the main achievement of this paper is focusing on religious paintings of the manuscripts of Seyr-al Nabi, Hadighat al Shohada, Nafahat-al Ons, Moghtal-al Rasoul, and Savagheb Managheb of the Ottoman Empire. Aims: 1. Understanding the characteristics of the Baghdad school of painting. 20 Recognizing Shiah concepts in the paintings of Al-Jalayers and the Ottoman Empire. Questions raised in this paper: 1. What are the central Shiah concepts of Baghdadʹs illustrated manuscripts? 2. In what specific eras of the Baghdad school were Shiʹah elements applied the most? 3. What are the main visual and artistic features of the illustrated manuscripts of Baghdad school of painting based on Shi ah concepts?