تاملي در مباني نظري و ضرروت‌هاي تاريخي نظريه مشروطه مشروعه شيخ فضل‌الله نوري

A Reflection on the Theoretical Bases and Historical Necessities of the Legitimate Constitution Theory Proposed by Sheykh Fazlollah Noori

پيروزي انقلاب مشروطيت در عهد مظفرالدين شاه قاجار يكي از بزرگ ترين تحولات سياسي و مذهبي تاريخ معاصر ايران به‌شمار مي رود كه طي آن، روحانيون شيعه، با ورود جدي به اين نهضت، دوره‌ نويني از طرح نظريات مختلف درباره ساختار سياسي مشروطه را، با بهره‌گيري از ميراث فقه سياسي شيعه، به‌وجود آوردند. در اين ميان، گروهي از روحانيون، با طرح مسيله‌ مشروطه مشروعه كوشيدند براي حفظ پيوند جامعه مسلمان ايران با آيين اسلام و مقابله با نفوذ انديشه هاي غربي، قرايت تازه اي از انديشه‌ سياسي تشيع درباره‌ معيارهاي مشروعيت يا عدم مشروعيت نظام مشروطه ارايه دهند. شيخ فضل الله نوري يكي از برجسته ترين اين روحانيون محسوب مي شود و انديشه‌هاي فقهي او در باب نهضت مشروطيت ايران، در اين مقاله مورد بررسي و تحليل نظري و تاريخي قرار مي‌گيرد. مسيله‌ اصلي مقاله‌ حاضر اين است كه چرا و تحت كدام ضرورت‌ ديني و تاريخي گروهي از روحانيون مشروطه خواه، و در راس آنها شيخ فضل الله نوري، نهايتاً به مخالفت با نظام مشروطه روي آورده و با استفاده از فقه سياسي شيعه به طرح نظريه‌ مشروطه مشروعه پرداختند؟ در پاسخ به اين سوال محوري، فرضيه اصلي مقاله حاضر، كه با رجوع مستقيم به آثار شيخ فضل‌الله مورد بررسي قرار گفته، اين است كه نوري با باور به وجود تضاد بنيادين ميان نظام مشروطيت با مباني اسلام به مخالفت با مشروطيت پرداخت و گستردگي اعتقاد وي به اين امر باعث شد تا پاي جان در مخالفت با مشروطيت ايستادگي كند و اين موضوعي است كه كمتر مورد توجه محققان تاريخ مشروطه و به‌ويژه مورخان مخالف نوري و موافق با مشروطيت قرار گرفته است.

The victory of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in the era of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah-e Qajar was one of the greatest political and religious events in Iran’s contemporary history. Shiʹa clergymen played a key role in this movement. They created a new range of views about the Constitutionʹs political structure. These new viewpoints were based on the great heritage of the political Fiqh of Shiʹa. Among these viewpoints, a group of clergymen presented the theory of Legitimate Constitution and tried to present a new reading of Shi’a political thoughts on the basis of Shi’a Fiqh. These new political thoughts discussed the criterions of legitimacy or illegitimacy of a government formed on the basis of that constitution. The theory of Legitimate Constitution aimed to maintain the ties of Iran’s Muslim community with the Islamic faith, and to counter the influence of Western secular thought. Sheikh Fazlollah Noori is one of the most prominent clergymen in this movement, whose religious ideas about Iran’s Constitutional Revolution are analyzed theoretically and historically in this study. The main subject of the present study is to answer why, and under which historical circumstances and religious requirements, a group of Pro-Constitution clergymen - and ahead of them, Sheikh Fazlollah Noori - eventually turned against the Constitutional Movement and began to plan for Legitimate Constitution theory based on the Shi’a political Fiqh. To answer this question, Sheikh Fazlollah Noori’s own writings are studied. The main hypothesis of this study is that Sheikh Fazlollah Noori believed there were some basic contradictions between the Constitution and the fundamental principles of Islam. This caused his opposition against the Constitution to the point that he lost his life through this opposition. Less attention is paid to this subject by the scholars and historians who have done research on the Constitution, especially those who were against Sheikh Fazlollah and in favor of the Constitution.