ملاك تمايز مادي و مجرد؛ چالش‌ها و رهيافت‌ها

Criterion for Making a Distinction between the Corporeal and the Incorporeal; Challenges and Attitudes

معيار تمايز ميان مادي و مجرد، بر اساس نظام‌هاي گوناگون فلسفي، متفاوت است. اصلي‌ترين معيار‌هايي كه براي تمايز ميان مادي و مجرد گفته‌اند، عبارت از ماده اولي و ثاني، قابليت اشاره حسي، قوه و استعداد و ادراك است. در اين مقاله به بررسي ميزان كارآمدي اين معيارها، در تمايز مادي از مجرد مي‌پردازيم. بر اساس اصالت وجود، تمايز ميان مادي و مجرد؛ تمايزي وجودي است نه ماهوي. بنابراين ملاك‌هاي ماهوي، شاخص دقيقي نيستند و بر اساس تشكيك وجود رابطه ميان مادي محض، مجرد محض طيف‌گونه و مشكك ترسيم مي‌گردد. در اين مقاله، اثبات خواهيم كرد كه معيار تمايز مادي و مجرد به نحوه وجود آنهاست، نه استعداد، حركت، زمان، امتداد و مانند اينها.

Based on different philosophies, the criteria for making a distinction between the corporeal and the incorporeal are different. The main criteria for distinguishing between the corporeal and the incorporeal are said to be: primary and secondary matter, capability of being referred to (or having physical quality) as an object of our sense perception, potentiality and perception. The present article aims to assess whether these criteria are helpful in distinguishing between the corporeal and the incorporeal. Based on the principle of priority of existence, the distinction between the corporeal and the incorporeal is existential, not essential [ to use a philosophical term, something based on quiddity.] Based on the principle of gradation of existence however, the distinction between a purely corporeal and a purely incorporeal is relative and graded. Here we will prove that the distinction between material and immaterial goes to their existence rather than their capacity, movement, time, extension etc.