از ويترين‌‌‌‌‌سازي عهد عتيق تا فانتزي‌هاي قرن 21 بر نماي شهر

From Ancient Urban Decorations to 21st Century Fancy Landscapes

با روند پرشتاب توسعه اقتصادي چين، چهار برابر شدن نرخ رشد اين كشور در طول دو دهه اول قرن 21 و روند رو به رشد جهاني‌‌شدن، اجراي برنامه‌هاي توسعه‌اي گوناگون و عظيم در شهرهاي مختلف چين امري دور از ذهن نيست. پكن و شانگهاي از جمله شهرهايي هستند كه با برخورداري از درهاي اقتصادي باز و ارتباط با دنياي پيرامون قبل از ساير شهرهاي چين جهاني‌شدن را تجربه كردند. در مسير توسعه با بهره‌گيري از قانون عدم مالكيت شخصي، چهره شانگهاي به عنوان شهر تجاري و يكي از سه قطب اقتصادي دنيا و پكن به عنوان شهري توريستي، تاريخي و يكي از قديمي‌ترين پايتخت‌هاي جهان، متحول شد. در اين توسعه شتاب‌زده دو رويكرد نسبتاً افراطي بر برنامه‌هاي توسعه شهرهاي چين حاكم است؛ گاه اخذ رويكرد بين‌المللي كه در آن بلوارهاي وسيع، برج‌ها و مجتمع‌ها جايگزين بناهاي ويران‌شده مي‌شوند و گاه رويكرد تاريخي اساس كار مي‌شود. در هر حال هر دو منعكس‌كننده تصوير چين قرن 21 هستند. بسياري از پروژه‌هاي حاضر چين تقليدي سطحي و ارزان از معماري گذشته يا شيفتگي به رويكردهاي بين‌المللي است كه سبب از دست رفتن تاريخ اكنون در شانگهاي تجاري و پكن تاريخي شده است. دو منطقه «كيانمن» در شهر پكن و «پودونگ» در شهر شانگهاي نمونه بارزي از توسعه‌هاي شهري اخير كشور چين است. اتخاذ دو رويكرد مختلف به شكل‌دهي سيماي آنها نتايج متفاوت از درك و ذهنيت مخاطب را القا مي‌كند. در اين تحقيق با معرفي دو رويكرد تاريخ‌گرا و بين‌المللي در دو نمونه كيانمن و پودونگ، نتايج تصميمات مديريت شهري در شكل دادن به نماي شهر مطابق با اهداف هويتي، كاربردي و زيباشناسي منظر شهري بررسي مي‌شود.

As the economic growth is accelerated in China, the growth rate has been increased four times as much as this past rate during the first two decades of the 21st century and as the trend of globalization grows, the accomplishment of several large developmental programs is also expected. Beijing and Shanghai are among the cities that have experienced globalization earlier than other cities of China by their extended economy and communication in the world. In this rapid growth, there are two rather radical approaches to the developmental programs of cities in China. Sometimes wider boulevards, towers, facilities and international approaches take the place of approaches that refers to East and China and sometimes the historic approaches are the basis of development, however, they both reflect the image of China in the 21st century. Most of the latest projects in China originate from cheap and shallow imitation of historic architecture or the fascination of international styles which have eventually resulted in loss of present history in trading and historic cities such as Shanghai and Beijing. The examples of the latest urban development are Beijing Qianmen and Shanghai Pudong regions where these dominant approaches have results in different shaping as well as completely opposite impression on people. The issue of no personal property rights has totally transformed the appearance of Shanghai as a trading city and one of the three economic powers of the world and Beijing as a historic city for tourism and one of the oldest capitals of the the world. Beijing Municipal Administration adopted a historical approach in Qianmen restructuring plan due to historic background and tourism, therefore the Streets are brought back to their commercial glory of the Ming and Qing period according to the aesthetics of the period. However, the globalization in Shanghai followed “high-tech building industry” and combined the concepts of international development and regional features. The latest historic buildings of Qianmen were ruined and imitated elements and facades took over the place. After the renewal, the street gained a new appearance which did not remind or resemble any other street. However the Pudong experience with its placeless towers made the area looked alike everywhere else in the world. Unlike the human scaled towers of Qianmn, the tall towers of Pudong, created a development of space based on the originality of vehicle transfer and transformed the longstanding tradition in China. Diversity of colors and integrity of repeated elements (furniture and height) is prevailing in Qianmen (dictatoring façade) while a varied skyline and monotone facades are observed in Pudong. Furthermore, the lighting programs in Pudong have made aesthetical and functional influences on this façade of Shanghai. Achieving full financial benefits from tourism, state ownership of land, large investment and hegemonism of real estate firms as well as cheap labor force eventually caused fundamental changes in city centers and urban parts and political maneuvering and a show of Chinese life has emerged as a result. But the pressure of rapid development and the non cultural purposes of the government lead to imitative historic approaches and shallow imitation of historical architecture and as a result China remains hidden behind facades of fake modern and antique today.