راهبردهاي نظارت همگاني در مديريت سياسي جامعه دين‌بنيان

The Ways and Methods of Public Supervision over the Political Management of a Theocratic Society

از صدر اسلام تاكنون، برخي انديشمندان بر اين بوده‌اند كه امر به معروف و نهي از منكر، وظيفه‌اي فردي است و مانند بسياري تكاليف و احكام الهي، بر فرد مسلمان واجدالشرايط واجب است. در اين ديدگاه، شرايط و مقتضيات زمان و مكان، كمتر موثّر است و حكومت ديني و اسلامي وظيفه خاصي ندارد. ديدگاه ديگر، امر به معروف و نهي از منكر را افزون بر وظيفه فردي، موضوعي اجتماعي و حكومتي مي‌داند. بر مبناي نگرش دوم، توسعه فرهنگ شريعت‌مدار و ايجاد زمينه‌ها و بسترهاي گسترش آن، فراهم آوردن سازو‌كار مناسب و بسياري ديگر از مولفه‌هاي مديريت سياسي خرد و كلان، در نظام دين‌بنيان مطرح مي‌گردد. يكي از خرده‌نظام‌هاي مهم كه بايد در طراحي هر سيستم، مد نظر قرار ‌‌گيرد، نظام، پايش و نظارت بوده، اساسا شكل‌گيري، ثبات، تداوم و پويايي هر نظامي، به آن وابسته است. اين مقاله، در صدد است كه به موجب حديث شريف، امر به معروف و نهي از منكر را يك نظام نظارت همگاني در مديريت جامعه دين‌بنيان معرفي نمايد كه رسالت اجراي شرايع الهي و ايجاد جامعه و حكومت اسلامي و تضمين تحقق اهداف آن را بر عهده دارد. با چنين پيش‌فرضي، نمونه‌اي را از مجموعه آراي فقهي و نظريه‌هاي انديشمندان اسلامي مي‌پيماييم، و در پايان، با رويكردي استراتژيك از «است»‌هاي توصيفي حاصل شده از آن، «بايد»‌هاي تجويزي و سپس راهبردهاي نظارت همگاني را در نظام اسلامي به دست مي‌آوريم.

Since the first golden days of Islam till today, a great number of scholars and scientists have believed that inviting people to good deeds and preventing them from bad or evil actions are among personal duties, and similar to most religious duties, they are obligatory upon any wise and complete Muslim. According to this view, the circumstances of the time and epoch or place are not very influential and important and the religious or Islamic government does not have any specific duty. The second perspective, considers the invitation to good deeds and prevention from wrong deeds as both a personal and social issue which is related to the religious and Islamic government. Based on the second view, the development of a religious-based culture, and the preparation of suitable situations and other indexes of political management in both small scale and large scale situations are discussed in a theocratic system. Since one of the important small systems which must be considered in the design of each great system is a system of control, supervision and inspection, and basically, the formation, continuation and dynamicity of every system is related to that small supervision system, the present article attempts to relate the sacred tradition of inviting to good deeds and the prevention of bad actions to the public supervision of the society. This will probably lead to the implementation of divine orders and the creation of an Islamic society and government in a theocratic society and an insurance of its continuation. And the accomplishment of its purposes. Based on the afore-mentioned assumption, a sample of jurisprudential views and the views and theories of Islamic scholars are surveyed and considered. The present situation of the society and what exists in it are considered through a strategic approach and then on the bases of what actually exists, a number of prescriptive orders are presented which serve to be used for the purpose of ensuring public supervision in an Islamic system. KeyWords: Theocratic society, Religious