رابطه وجوه ادراكي انسان با عوامل هويت بخش در معماري

Relationship between Human Perceptional Dimensions with Factors of Identity in Architecture

اين مقاله سعي دارد كه با استفاده از يك مُدِل، ارتباط وجوه هوّيتي معماري را با وجوه انساني بررسي نمايد. در اين پژوهش ابتدا تعريف فراگيري از مفهوم هوّيت و هوّيت معماري ارايه شده است، سپس ابعاد مختلف تعاريف هوّيت معماري در چارچوب اين تعريف تبيين مي گردد تا براساس اين تعريفِ معين، بتوان عوامل هوّيت بخش معماري را شناسايي و دسته بندي كرد. نوشته حاضر در سه بخش اصلي ارايه شده است: نخست روش شناسي مواجهه با موضوع هوّيت معماري مورد بحث قرار گرفته كه در آن با استفاده از ماشين هاي فكري گِدِس تمام روش هاي ممكن براي مطالعه هوّيت معماري در چهار دسته قرار داده شده است؛ سپس مفاهيم مختلفي كه از تعريف هوّيت به عنوان وحدت تصور ذهني (توقع يا انتظار ذهني) و عينيت در مباحث نظري معماري به كار رفته بررسي شده است. معرفي هوّيت فردي يا گروهي به واسطه معماري، ابراز هوّيت اجتماعي-فرهنگي به واسطه كالبد، خوديابي انسان به واسطه ساخت محيط و بالاخره ابراز هوّيتي كه از خود معماري به صورت مطلق انتظار مي رود، چهارگونه مورد نظر را تشكيل مي دهد. بخش اصلي مقاله به مدلسازي مفهوم هوّيت مطلق معماري براساس وجوه ادراكي انسان اختصاص دارد. پژوهش حاضر براي ساماندهي عوامل تشكيل دهنده نوع فوق از هوّيت معماري منجر به يك مدل سه محوري شده است كه محورهاي آن را ادراك تجربه (جسماني، رواني، اجتماعي و روحاني)، محيط تجربه (طبيعي و مصنوعي) و زمان تجربه (آنّي، طول عمر، نسل هاي متوالي و ازلي) تشكيل مي دهد كه مجموعاً 32 گونه از عوامل هوّيت بخش را معرفي مي كند كه در نظام معين با هم ارتباط دارند. با اين ترتيب هر موضوع مرتبط با هوّيت مطلق معماري جايگاه خاص خود را در ايـن مدل مي يابد. مثـال عيني از مدل مزبور در معرفي بخشي از عوامـل هوّيت بخش، سياه چادرهـاي ايـلام بـراي افراد بومي بـه كار گرفته شده است.

Identity has been at the center of architectural discourse from World War II. But its multi-dimensional nature which goes back to its relevance to many fields of humanities (sociology, psychology, urbanism etc.) made its literature vague to some extent. To make a clarification of meaning of identity due to its abstract relation to built environment is the main purpose of this research. The method of confronting the problem is analyzed by using Geddes’s thinking machine where one of the four possible ways in it selected for this study. Here the priority is placed on concept of Identity and Architectural Identity is seen as a subdivision of it. Before concentrating on absolute concept of architectural identity, a brief discussion of various kinds of identity in literature of architectural theory is considered where four main type is identified: personal or group identity via architectural form, socio-cultural identity interpreted via built environment, human identity for himself pursued via architecture and architectural absolute identity (as the one that no other thing than architecture itself is under consideration). If we define identity as a kind of recognition which arises from human experiment with built space or unity of mental expectation with perceptional content of this experiment, then it would be a natural strategy to pursue the subject via human perceptional dimensions. These dimensions upon their place in the spectrum of material-spiritual perception can be proposed in four categories: 1. Physical or bodily dimension; 2. Mental dimension; 3. Social dimension; 4. Spiritual dimension. These kinds of perceptions are in turn subdivided in two main categories due to their source of stimulation: natural environment or man-made environment. There is a third and important factor for analyzing these four types of recognition that must be taken into account: what kind of recorded content of the brain is referred to. At least four kinds of them can be seen due to the duration of the recorded humane experiment: 1. Immediate perception; 2. Life-long experiment; 3. Inherited image from previous generations (archetypical) and 4.timeless experiment of human-being; upon these three factors, a cubical model of 32 separate positions each of which is representative of a different dimension of architectural identity as it relates to human experiment. It is supposed that any characteristic of human perception which can be related to absolute identity of architecture has a certain location in this model, so the model is holistic in containing all possibilities but not in proving any claim about existence or non-existence of any kind of humane experiment. For searching the potential of the model to make this holistic view, a real example of vernacular architecture of Ilam (a south-western province of Iran) is explored from point of view of identity of built environment for vernacular people, both dwellers of such an environment and non-dwellers. This study which is presented in a table, shows the potential of model not only for having a systematic analysis of identity aspects of an architecture but also makes it evident that via such a model we can guess some new aspects of identity of that case which have not ever been considered.