آسيب‌شناسي و تحليل روند تكامل مفهوم حكومت در ايران با نگاهي به تجربيات جهاني

Pathology and Analysis of the State Evolution Process in Iran, Considering Universal Experiences (Comparative Study)

حكومت از مهمترين اركان تشكيل‌دهنده كشور است، از اين‌رو يكي از مهمترين مباحث مورد مطالعه در جغرافياي سياسي به‌شمار مي آيد. فرآيند گذار از حكومت‌هاي سنتي به حكومتهاي مدرن و ملي بازتابهاي جغرافيايي متفاوتي را در پهنه سرزمين و به‌تبع آن در زندگي مردم بر جاي گذاشته است. از اين‌رو در جغرافياي سياسي كه هنوز مطالعه حكومت به‌عنوان ساختار سياسي مديريت سرزمين از اهميت ويژه برخوردار است. ايران به‌عنوان كشوري كهن كه شاهد برپايي نخستين حكومتهاي تاريخ بشري در خود بوده است از اين حيث قابل مطالعه و بررسي است. يكي از برجسته‌ترين مسايلي كه در اين مورد در ميان صاحبنطران مختلف ديده مي‌شود عدم وجود اتفاق نظر در ميان آنها درباره زمان شكل‌گيري حكومت ملي در ايران است. بنابراين با وجود عرصه‌هاي گسترده قابل مطالعه در اين رابطه، محل و تمركز مقاله حاضر بر روي اين مسيله است كه حكومت ملي(Nation State) در ايران چگونه و طي چه فرايندي واقعيت يافته است و اينكه آيا مي‌توان شكل‌گيري آن را در ايران صرفاً در يك مقطع تاريخي خاص مطالعه نمود و نيز اين نكته كه آيا تجربيات ايراني در اين خصوص با روندهاي جهاني مطابقت دارد. با توجه به چنين امري پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش توصيفي- تحليلي و تكيه بر منابع كتابخانه‌اي در صدد برآمده است تا ضمن بررسي روند و سير تكامل شكل‌گيري حكومت ملي در جهان بر مبناي شاخصهاي مشخص، مقوله شكل‌گيري و تكامل حكومت ملي در ايران را به شيوه اي تطبيقي مورد مطالعه قرار دهد. يافته‌هاي پژوهش حاضر نشان مي‌دهد گرچه حكومت ملي در ايران به مفهوم علمي آن در مقطع زماني انقلاب مشروطه شكل گرفت، ولي بايد توجه داشت كه در دوران قبل و بعد از انقلاب مشروطه نيز رويدادهاي تاريخي، سياسي و اجتماعي در ايران روي داده است كه به‌عنوان مقدمه و نيز مكمل شكل‌گيري اين نوع حكومت در ايران به‌شمار مي آيند. همچنين برخلاف روند جهاني كه در آن حكومتهاي مدرن به‌عنوان مقدمه و بستري براي شكل‌گيري حكومت ملي عمل كردند در ايران حكومت ملي مقدم بر حكومت مدرن شد و اين امر موجب آشفتگي هاي علمي در ميان صاحبنظران و نيز شكست تجربه انقلاب مشروطه در ايران و نيز تحولات سياسي عميق سالهاي بعدي شد.

Extended Abstract Introduction State has witnessed many changes from the beginning of its formation. In other words, apart from changes that happened to people, groups and the thoughts that formed these groups, the relationship between state and people has changed from tribal state in early stages to national state in the recent era. Nation state is defined based on its interaction with the nation. So, it is true that we can study the establishment of the state in some places through special periods of history, but in old and ancient countries even if the state has been established in modern era, but it is impossible to ignore the historical process of formation of nation and its interaction with the state. Therefore, the study of such case in ancient countries like Iran needs new approaches towards this issue. Research Methodology Research method is basedondescriptive – analytic method and data gathering procedure is based on library findings. The questions and assumptions of the research are as fallow: What kinds of process have been effective in the establishment of nation state in Iran through history? Whendid nation state emerge in Iran? And the assumption is as follow: Although the formation of nation state in Iran (provided opportunities for people to participate in the management of their affairs) was realized during the constitutional revolution (1906), but some events, which happened before and after this revolution,caused critical approach towards the revolution. Discussion Although nation state in Iran is a new concept and theoretically it is realized during the constitutional revolution, but by considering the process of political changes of Iran’s society in recent century and regarding variables and indicators of establishment of modern nation state, we can not specify an exact period of time for the establishment of nation state. According to special position of state- based studies in political geography of Iran, this issue causes a kind of theoretical turmoil and has faced experts and researchers with the lack of consensus on the issue.Regarding the issue, the purpose of the present essay is to study the issue from a pathological and comparative point of view with considering universal experience. Conclusion Research findings show that although nation state were established in Iran during the constitutional revolution, but we should consider that before and after the constitutional revolution some historical, political and social events happened in Iran which are counted as an introduction and supplement to the establishment of this type of state during the constitutional revolution. Also, unlike universal process that this modern state is an introduction to the establishment of nation state, in Iran, nation state precedes modern state. This issue leads to scientific turmoil among experts and failure of constitutional revolution experience in Iran and deep political changes in the following years