بررسي معيارهاي جهاني و بومي شهر زيست پذير

The Study of the Global and Local Principles of the Livable City

امروزه برخورداري از خصوصيات زيست پذيري براي شهرها و به ويژه كلانشهرها ضرورت يافته است. بر اين اساس، شاخص ها و معيارهايي براي سنجش ميزان زيست پذيري شهر ها معرفي مي شوند. اما بايد روشن گردد معيارها و ساختار شهري تحت تاثير چه عواملي به وجود مي آيند؟ اين تحقيق با ارجاع به منابع علمي معتبر مهمترين معيارهاي ارايه شده براي شهرهاي زيست پذير را با روش توصيفي- تحليلي معرفي كرده، سپس به تبيين معيارهاي جامع تري براي شهرهاي زيست پذير پرداخته است. بدين منظور معيارهاي شناخته شده در سطوح مختلف شامل شاخص هاي سطح اول (جهان شمول و در سطح خرد) و سطح دوم (معيارهايي در سطح كلان كه در شهرهاي مختلف به صورت يكسان نمي باشند) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و مدل مفهومي و معيارهاي جهاني آن در يك فرآيند شناسايي شده است. اين مدل مي تواند منجر به مطالعات توليد شاخص هاي سطح سوم يعني الگوي شهر زيست پذير ايراني گردد.

To be livable is becoming a 21st century necessity for cities around the world. On the basis of this fact, there are different theories, principles and criteria about the livability of a city. Many definitions consider livability as an equal to the quality of life experienced by citizens. Some consider it as a complement of the urban sustainability. Others say that the resiliency should be considered along the livability. There are also definitions for the livable city. In the livable city both social and physical elements must collaborate for the well being and progress of the community, and of the individual persons as members of the community. A livable city must be built up, or restored, as a continuous network – from the central areas to the more distant settlements – where pedestrian paths and bicycle-paths bind together all the sites of social quality and of the community life. All the principles of a livable city can be recognized in 10 categories. Most of the theories of livability belong to the conditions of the cities of the western part of the world. Now, it should be clear which factors may affect the livability and those principles and criteria. Moreover, the factors in all cities may be considered the same or not. This research introduces the most important livable city principles and criteria through the descriptive-analytic method. They are collected through a diagram due to the hierarchical essence of the livability. This diagram contains the first two levels of the principles. Then the more comprehensive principles are defined with the assistance of inductive and deductive category development analyses method. To achieve the goal of identifying the global principles of the livable city, a conceptual model of the urban livability consists of seven principles including social equity, vitality, participation, accessibility, compatible physical environment, identity and resiliency is suggested. Although this concept can be flexible, it can be a suitable model for creating an operational model of the urban livability. Therefore, in order to recognize a place for the local principles and how to obtain them, the most identifiable indicators categorize in three levels: the first level consists of global indicators such as historical identity, sense of belonging, active community, physical sustainability, and participation. The second one contains those which have not the same results in all cities around the world such as vitality, compatible physical environment, accessibility and social equity. In a process from the first level (itemized factors) to the second level (more comprehensive factors), the conceptual model would form and can be illustrated in a chart. However, to realize the local principles all the filters that form a level from the upper one should be considered and noticed. The process from the most famous global principle levels to the probable local factors is illustrated in the conclusion diagram. This model may pave the way to generate the third level that is the Iranian livable city pattern and its principles. Of course the third level preparation needs redefinition of the conceptual model members.