بررسي كاركرد و معناي فرم شهر مدرن از منظر نشانه‌شناسي لايه‌اي

An Investigation to the Function and Meaning of Modern City Form through Stratified Semiotics Approach

يكي از مهم‌ترين وجوه شناخت و تحليل شهر، فرم شهر است. در تعريف اين جنبه از بررسي شهر آمده است كه هر فرم، حاصل و برآيند رابطه ميان مجموعه‌اي از نيروها (فضايي و غيرفضايي) است كه شناخت آن‌ها، نخستين گام در طراحي فرم است. از آنجا كه يكي از اهداف فرم شهر مطلوب، برخورداري از معنا و هويت است، بررسي اين وجه از شهر در قالب رويكرد معنا‌شناختي مورد توجه اين نوشتار است. معنا و كاركرد مناسب اين وجه از شهر مي‌تواند بر ارتقاي تصور ذهني استفاده كنندگان، افزايش حس مكان و هويت تاثيرگذار باشد. در اين نوشتار بررسي عوامل موثر بر گسست معنايي فرم شهر مدرن مورد توجه قرار گرفته است و هدف آن است تا ضمن بهره‌مندي از رويكرد نشانه‌شناسي لايه‌اي و بهره‌گيري از مهم‌ترين مفاهيم آن شامل نشانه به‌مثابه متن، ساختار سلسله مراتبي، نشانداري، بافت‌سازي و بافت‌زدايي، كاركرد فرم شهر مدرن1 و عوامل تاثيرگذار بر فرآيند بافت‌زدايي از آن بررسي شود. به نظر مي‌رسد به دليل دگرگوني عوامل غيرفضايي به‌عنوان لايه تاثيرگذار بر متن، از فرم شهر بافت‌زدايي شده و بعضاً دريافت معني را دچار تعليق شده و شخص را در تفسير، دچار سردرگمي كرده است.

City form is one of the main aspects of cognition and analyzing cities. This concept can be defined as the consequent of relationship between setting of powers (spatial and non-spatial powers), which knowing them is the first step for designing the Form. One of the main functions of the form is its potential for meaning perception and through this, the potential of making good city image and creating urban identity. In other words, good city form including spatial and functional factors which makes it as well as assured meaning, makes good reading possible and finally leads to readability, imageability and reinforcing sense of place in a city. But the issues which happened to cities in modern age, led to the creation of the form which decreased the acceptable function of form to the lowest level. Therefore, meaning and cultural discontinuity happened in city form and city faced with dualism in meaning and identity. Thus, this paper traces the influence of modern logic on the form of city. Through this survey the influential factors which led to inappropriate encoding and reading of city form have been defined. For investigating the discontinuity in meaning, the semiotics approach has been used. Through using this method, changes of the signs has been studied. Therefore, semiotics as a theoretical-based method in the framework of an analytical and elite-based technique, can help researches to define signs and codes of city form and through this, the essence of signs and its changing can be explored, principles of encoding can be defined and influential factors, which lead to appropriate reading and decoding of form can be specified. Among different approaches of semiotics, stratified semiotics has been used because of its nature, which provides a method for analyzing the text in an interrelationship context. This method, as a strong framework for analyzing the meaning in city as a text (as an open phenomenon) that includes different textual layers leads to defining the influential contexts on contextualization or decontextualization of the city form. Analyzing the relationships between textual layers in the modern city form (as a text) is conducted on the basis of stratified semioticsʹ concepts: markedness, hierarchy structures, context and etc. This method help researchers to define the influential factors that destroys the relation between layers, causes oppositions, and also leads to the lowest markedness in the modern city form or decontextualize the text and finally leads to defining the factors which cause meaning discontinuity against continuity of meaning in city form in modern age. The conclusions of this paper show that changing in non-spatial factors of the modern city form as the influential layer in text decontextualize the urban form and create some difficulties in perception of meaning and interpretation of users.