اشتغال زوجه و تاثير آن بر نفقه

Juridical Thought about the Employment of Wife and its Effect on Her Alimony

شارع مقدس و به تبع آن قانونگذار قانون مدني ايران در ماده1106 زوج را ملزم به تامين هزينه هاي زندگي (نفقه) زوجه خويش نموده است. به تصريح قانونگذار(در ماده1108) اين الزام در برابر تعهد زوجه به اداي وظايف زوجيت و به طور مشخص «تمكين تام» در قبال زوج مي باشد. از سوي ديگر «اشتغال زوجه» امروزه تبديل به پديده شايع در جوامع مختلف گرديده است. تا آنجا كه درصد قابل توجهي از زنان، يا ازدواجشان مسبوق به اشتغالشان بوده و يا اين كه «حق اشتغال» را به صورت شرط در ضمن عقد و يا با توافق با زوج پس از عقد، براي خود محفوظ مي دانند. مقاله پيش رو، ضمن نقل اقوال و ادله فقها با استناد به تحليل عرفي تمكين تام و استقلال نفقه از تمكين و نيز حق بودن نفقه، به اين نتيجه رسيده است كه اشتغال زوجه موجب سقوط قهري نفقه او نمي شود اما امكان اندراج شرط اسقاط نفقه در ضمن عقد وجود دارد.

The holy legislator, and following it the lawgiver of the civil law of Iran, in the 1106th article, binds the husband to provide the costs of living (Nafaqah or Alimony) of his wife. Lawgiver in 1108th article stipulates that this binding is instead of wife’s commitment to do her marital duties and specifically total submit to the husband. From the other side, today, the employment of wife has become a prevalent issue in different societies to the extent that a considerable portion of women either their employment have precedent for marriage or they reserve “employment right” for themselves as a clause in their marriage contract or with later obtainment of (husband’s) approval. This research turns around the question that “Does wife’s employment -with approval of husband- lead to the forcible drop of the whole or a part of the alimony? Does the condition of dropping the whole or a part of the alimony with the husband’s approval instead of wife’s employment, have the capability of containing in the marriage contract? This paper, in order to answer above questions, studies and criticizes the views and proofs of jurists by virtue of common analysis of “total submit” and independence of alimony from submit and also the rightfulness of alimony; and has concluded that wife’s occupation would not result in forcible drop of alimony, but containing the condition of drop of the alimony drop in the contents of marriage contract is possible.