موت اختياري در رساله الاصول العشره‌‌ ‌شيخ نجم‌الدين كبري

Voluntary Death in the Treatise al-Usul al-‘Asharah by Shaykh Najm al-Din Kubra

در نظر شيخ نجم‌الدين كبري «حيات حقيقي»، همان «حيات معنوي» است؛ حياتي كه برون رفت از ظاهر بسوي باطن، فنا شدن در حق و بقا يافتن به بقاي او، و نيز بازيافتن حق است در هر آنچه كه رنگ و نامي از هستي و زندگاني دارد. وي كه از جمله پيران طريقت است، با توجه به يافته‌هاي خويش در اين حيات معنوي به نگارش رساله الاصول العشره پرداخته تا‌ ‌به دستگيري و ارشاد سالكين بپردازد. او در اين رساله با بهره‌گيري از آموزه‌هاي وحياني و نيز بكارگيري سنت پيامبران و اولياي حق، دستور العملهايي را براي سالكيني كه قصد دست يافتن بدين مرتبه از زندگاني را دارند، وضع نموده و طريقه مختار خويش را «طريقه شطار» ناميده كه بر پايه «موت اختياري» است و داراي اصول دهگانه‌ توبه، زهد، توكل، قناعت، عزلت، ذكر، توجه، صبر، مراقبه، رضا ميباشد. موت اختياري سالك از «توبه» آغاز ميگردد؛ اين اصل نه تنها «سر آغاز تولد ثاني» است بلكه «شرط لازم ادامه حيات معنوي» نيز هست، بدين نحو كه سالك پس از اداي حق هر مقام، تا رسيدن به مقام توحيد حقيقي از هر منزل و مقامي بوسيله توبه بدر خواهد شد. چنين سالكي كه توانسته با عنايت حق تعالي و ارشاد پير طريقت و نيز كوشش خويش «تولد ثاني»‌ بيابد، پس از پيمودن منازل و مقامات معنوي متخلق به اخلاق الهي ميگردد و در اوج اين حيات به «مقام وصول و فناي در حق» كه بالاترين معنا از معناي توحيد است، دست مي‌يابد. اساس بودن «موت اختياري» در اين رساله، علاوه بر اذعان ابتدايي شيخ، بخوبي از اصرار وي در خلال توضيح اصول دهگانه با واژه «خروج» و نيز مقايسه اين نحوه خروج با «موت طبيعي» پيداست، لذا در پيوند موت اختياري بعنوان اساس طريقه شطار با اصول دهگانه ميتوان گفت كه شيخ نجم الدين براساس آموزه‌هاي رساله الاصول العشره‌ ‌نه‌تنها از يك موت و تولد اختياري بلكه از چندين موت و تولد اختياري ديگر متناسب با هر منزل و مقام سخن بميان آورده است.

According to Shaykh Najm al-Din Kubra, “true life” is the same “spiritual life”; a life which entails leaving the outward and moving towards the inward, annihilating in Truth, surviving in the survival of the Truth, and retrieving the Truth from anything that has a sign of being and life. He is a wayfarer of the path of Sufism who, relying on his findings in this spiritual life wrote the treatise al-Usul al-‘asharah in order to guide other wayfarers. In this treatise, through drawing on revealed teachings and employing the traditions of the prophets and the friends of the Truth, he provides some instructions for those wayfarers who intend to reach this stage of life. He calls his voluntary path the “path of Shuttar”. This path is based on voluntary death and relies on 10 major principles: repentance, piety, trust, contentment, retreat, remembrance, attention, patience, vigilance, and satisfaction. The voluntary death of the wayfarer commences with repentance. This principle is not only the “beginning of a second birth” but also the “necessary condition for continuing spiritual life”. Here, after performing the duties required by each station, the wayfarer will leave all abodes and stations behind through repentance until reaching the station of true Oneness. Such a wayfarer, who has managed to have a “second birth” through Almighty Truth’s providence, his mentor’s spiritual guidance, and his own endeavors, is reborn ornamented with divine morality after traversing various spiritual stages. Then, in the climax of this life, he attains the “station of union with and annihilation in the Truth”, which is the most supreme meaning of Oneness. The fact that “voluntary death” stands at the basis of this treatise, in addition to from Shaykh’s initial acknowledgement, is clearly inferred from his insistence on the use of the word “exit” when explaining the 10 principles as well as from a comparison of this type of exit with “natural death”. Therefore, regarding the union of voluntary death as the basis of the path of Shuttar with the above-mentioned 10 principles, we can say that, based on the teachings of the treatise al-Usul al-‘asharah, Shaykh Najm al-Din has spoken of not only one voluntary death and birth but also of several other voluntary deaths and births each corresponding with one abode and station.