چكيده لاتين :
1- Introduction
Different approaches to language aim to solve the problem of communication break-downs through the lenses they look at the language. Functionalists, for instance, consider “verbs” as a part of speech which conveys speakers’ thoughts. Moreover, it’s the “verb” which determines its collocations and word choices. However, it is not uncommon that a particular verb, not only in different languages, but also in various dialects of the same language is not usually followed by the same collocations.
Iran is a country of various dialects among which Mashhadi has recently attracted researchers due to its fundamental similarities to the standard Persian language. Considering the importance of Mashhadi in comparison with other dialects, the present research aims at analyzing the verb "go" when it means "become", and comparing Mashhadi and English in this regard. Moreover, this study seeks to investigate how variables such as age, gender, educational, and social levels play roles in employing the verb "go" in Mashhadi dialect.
2- Theoretical Framework
A flow of events can be well reflected through a set of manageable processes in a clause (Halliday, 2004).Processes are divided into material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioural, and existential, in each of which verb is the most revealing part of the mode of action, reflection, or providing information. Accordingly, “go” is classified as behavioural and “become” as relational.
To clarify the meaning of dialect, it can be mentioned that a dialect is a variety of a language which embraces different types of pronunciation, lexicon, and structure. Although these differences may sometimes need to be learned by other language users to comprehend the dialect, the dialect is still a subordinate of the language. Among various dialects of Persian language, a large body of literature examines Mashhadi dialect from different aspects, but none of these studies investigates the utilization of “go” in the meaning of “becoming” in this dialect.
3- Methodology
To serve the purpose of the study, 300 conversations were recorded in various situations uttered by male and female participants, aged 13-76, with different educational levels (academic/non-academic), and from different social levels (low/middle/high). Data collection in English section was done with the use of language banks, including Corpus of Contemporary American English, American National Corpus, and Cambridge English Corpus as well as reference books such as Oxford Dictionary of Collocations, Collins, and Longman Dictionaries. Finally, two native speakers were asked to attest the soundness of the data and add any further collocations.
4- Discussion
The extracted Mashhadi collocations in which “go” means “become” were summarized in tables. As the tables show the majority of such Mashhadi collocations have their equivalent in English with the same verb, i.e. go. With regard to the participants’ age, the results of the study suggested that utilizing the verb "go" with the meaning of "become" was more frequent among elderly people (56%) in comparison with adults and teenagers. Considering gender, men (63%) benefited from this type of verb in their speech more than women did. With regard to social class, it was found that there is a negative relationship between Mashhadi people use of "go" with the meaning of "become" and their social class. This means that as Mashhadi people move up the ladder of social class they use this verb less. The analysis of participants’ educational level also revealed that academic Mashhadi people employ "go" with the meaning of "become" nearly three times less than non-academic Mashhadi ones.
5- Conclusions
This study endeavored to address similarities and differences between Mashhadi dialect and English with regard to the use of “go”. In doing so, some similarities and differences between Mashhadi and English with regard to employing this verb were observed. It was also found that the abstract aspect of “go” is used frequently by Mashhadi people. This means that when Mashhadi people use “go" with the meaning of "become" they move from its behavioral aspect to relational one. It was also interpreted that in both Mashhadi dialect and English“go” conveys the meaning of “becoming” when it mostly carries a negative feeling or connotation. More importantly, it wasrevealed that the application of “go” when it means “become” by Mashhadi people is under the influence of age, gender, educational, and social levels. However, the dire warning is about the gradual change or death of Mashhadi dialect by its growing number of educated and young people. Undoubtedly, conducting historical studies may explore more about Mashhadi dialect changes in the course of time, which can provide its dialect users a deeper understanding to survive their dialect.
Key Words: Dialect, Mashhadi, Go, Become, English.
References (in Persian)
AdibToosi, M. (1341). Loghat-e- Noghani [Noghani’s vocabulary]. Nashriye-e Daneshkade-ye Ababiyat-e Tabriz,1, 1-41.
Agha Golzadeh, F., Zaferanloo, K., &Razaviyan, H. (1390). Sabkshenashi-e dashtan bar asas-e fe’l: Rooykard-e naghshgera [Stylistics of a story based on its verbs: Functionalist approach]. Faslname-ye Takhasosi-e Sabkshenasi-ye Nazm o Nasr, 1, 243-254.
AkbariShalchi, A. (1370). Farhang-e gooyesh-e Khoraasan-e bozorg [Dialect of Khorasan].Tehran:Markaz Publication.
Bateni, M. (1354). Masael-e zabanshenasi-e novin: Dah maghale [Neo-linguistics Issues: Ten articles].Tehran:Aagaah Publication.
Binesh, T. (1339). Chand estelah-e havashensidarlahje-ye Mashhadi [Weather forecast expression in Mashhadi dialect]. Nashriye-ye Farhang-e Khorasaan, 1, 33-36.
DabirMoghadam, M. (1387). Zabaan, goone, gooyeshvalahje: Karbordhayebomivajahani [Language, dialect, andaccent: Local and global application]. Literary Studies, 5, 91-128.
Davarpanah, A. (1387).Barrasi-ye ejtemaee-ye zabaan-e Faarsidar Mashhad [Social analysis of Persianlanguage in Mashhad].Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Languages and Iran’s Dialects,Zahedan.
Firooziyan, A. (1389). Barrasi-ye farayandhayevaji da gooyesh-e Mashhadi bar asas-e vajshenasi-ye khodvahed[an investigation into Mashadi dialect regarding auto segmental phonology]. Paper presented at International Conference on Iran’s Dialects at Desert Areas,Semnan.
Habiballahi, M. (1347). Keyfiyat o barrasi-ye fe’ldarlahje-ye mashhadi [an investigation into verbs in Mashhadi dialect]. Majalle-ye Daneshkade-ye Adabiyat, 3, 200-244.
Heydaripoor, M. (1388). Farayande marge lahje-ye Mashhadi: Avaamelvaraveshhayejologiriazaan [Death of Mashhadi dialect: Causes and measures to prevent it].Paper presented at the 1st National Conference on Persian Language Teaching and Linguistics, Mashhad.
Hosseini, Z. (1388). Barrasisametha-ye miyanjidargooyesh-e Mashhadi [An investigation into arbitrator consonants in Mashhadi dialect].Paper presented atthe 1st National Conference on Persian Language Teaching and Linguistics, Mashhad.
Kalbasi, A. (1374). Faarsi-ye Iran vaTajikestan [Persian in Iran and Tajikistan (A comparative study)]. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publication.
Khazaee, A. (1388). Barrasivatosif-e aavaaeeafaal da gooyesh-e Mashhadi [An investigation into phonetics of Mashhadi verbs].Paper presented at the 1st National Conference on Persian Language Teaching and Linguistics, Mashhad.
MeshkatoDini, M. (1387). Rabete-ye lahje-ye rasmivalahjehayemahali-ye zaban-e Faarsi [Formal accent and local accents of Persian]. Naame-ye Farhangestan, 1, 71-82.
Mir Khadivi, A. (1363). Ashaar-e Mashhadi: Gozide-ye shirintarinlatayef-e namvanasrvaashaari be lahje-ye Mashhadiazaadaabvarosoom-e mardom-e Khorarsn [Mashhadi poems: A collection of Mashhadi verse and prose and Mashhadi poems related to its people’s customs and culture]. Mashhad: Ketabforooshi-ye Bastan.
Modaresi,vY. (1368). Daraamadi bar jameshenasi-ye zabaan [An introduction unto the sociology of language]. Tehran: Institute of Cultural Studies.
Nazeraanpoor, M. (1386). Barkhiazaadaabvarosoom-e Mashhad-e ghadim be lahje-ye shirin-e Mashhadi[A look into some of Mashhadi customs in Mashhadi accent]. Mashhad: Sonbole.
Nejatiyan, H. (1390). Barrasivatosif-e gooyesh-e Mashhadi [An investigation into Mashhadi dialect](Unpublished Masterʹs Thesis).Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Pahlavanezhad, M. R. (1388). Barrasivatosif-e vazheganidargooyesh-e Mashhadi [Lexical investigation and interpretation of Mashhadi dialect].Paper presented at the 1st National Conference on Persian Language Teaching and Linguistics, Mashhad.
Pahlavanezhad, M. R. (1389). Barrasisametha-ye miyanjidargooyesh-e Mashhadi [An investigation into arbitrator consonants in Mashhadi dialect].Paper presented at International Conference on Iran’s Dialects at Desert Areas,Semnan.
Pishghadam, R. (1392). Moarefi-ye zabahng be onvaan-e anzaaritavolgeradarfarhangkavi-e zabaan [Introducing cultoling as a dynamic tool in culturology of language].Studies in Language and Translation,4(45), 47-62.
Sadeghi, A. A. (1349). Zabaan-e Faarsivagoonehayemokhtalef-e aan [Persian language and its variety]. Culture and Life, 2, 66-73.
Shiri, A. (1386).Daraamadi bar gooyeshshenasi [An introduction into dialectology]. Tehran: Maziyar Publication.
VahidiyanKamyar, T. (1383). Gooyesh-e Mashhadi [Mashhadidiaect].Paper presented on the Second Conference on Iranian Languages and Linguistic Study of Iran, Tehran.
VahidiyanKamyar, T. (1384). Barrasi-ye kootahvavizhegihaye Farsi-ye Mashhadi [A brief look into Mashhadi Persian]. FarhangvaHonar-e Khorasan, 13, 101-107.
Zafar Mahjoob, Z. (1341). Gooyesh-e Mashhad [Mashhadidiaect](Unpublished masterʹs thesis).Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad.
Zarei, M. (185). Barrasi-ye jameshenakhti-ye goonagooni-ye gooyeshMashhadi bar asas-e moteghayerhayesen, tabaghe-ye ejtemaeevajensiyat [Sociological study of Mashhadi dialect regarding age, gender, and social class variables](Unpublished Masterʹs Thesis).Payam-e Noor University, Tehran.
Hedayat, N. (1384). Ta’sir-e jensiyatbanahve-ye bayan-e taghaza [The effect of gender on requesting]. Research in Persian Language and Literature, 4, 7-40.
References (in English)
Andersen, R. W., &Shirai, Y. (1994). Discourse motivations for some cognitive acquisition principles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 133-156.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Reynolds, D. (1995). The role of lexical aspect in the acquisition of tense and aspect. TESOL Quarterly,29, 107-131.
Edwards, J. (2009). Language and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Halliday, M. K. A. (1975). Learning how to mean: Exploration in the development of language. London: Edward Arnorld.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2003). The language of early childhood. New York: MPG Books, Ltd.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K., &Matthiessen, C. (2004). An Introduction to functional grammar (3rded.). London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and women’s place. Language and Society, 2, 45-79.
Lakoff, R. (1990). Talking power. New York: Basic Books.
Larsen-freeman, D. (1997). Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18, 141-165.
Laurel, D. (2005). Bridging the generation gap. Madison, Wisonsin: Laurel and Associates, Ltd.
Minault, G. (1984). BegamatiZuban: Women’s language and culture in nineteenth-century Delhi. India International Centre Quarterly, 11(2), 155-170.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
Thomson, G. (2004). Introducing functional grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wardhaugh, R. (1986). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Basil: Blackwell.
Yin, R. K. (2010). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York: The Guilford Press.
