مدلي براي تعيين تراكم ساختماني مطلوب محله با تاكيد بر عوامل فرهنگي

A Model for Determining Desirable Building Density (F.A.R) of Neighborhood with Especial Respect to Cultural Factors (The Case Studies: Iran & Takhti Neighborhoods- Tehran)

بازـ تعريف تراكم ساختماني در بافت هاي دروني كه فرايند نوسازي را تجربه مي كنند، به گونه-اي است كه ناديده انگاشتن عوامل فرهنگي در آن كاملاً‌ً مشهود است. از بين رفتن حرايم خصوصي، ايجاد اشراف، تخريب حرايم ارتفاعي و عملكردي ابنيه و محوطه هاي تاريخي (به عنوان نمادهاي فرهنگ در كالبد شهر)، زدودن حيات واقعه اي از اجتماعات محلي و...، نمودي است از عدم وجود مدلي كارآمد براي تدوين تراكم ساختماني كه عوامل فرهنگي را به عنوان اصول پايه-اي خود مد نظر قرار دهد. نوشتار حاضر با هدف تدوين مدل تعيين تراكم ساختماني با تكيه بر ابعاد فرهنگي، سعي دارد تا با پيوند دو مفهوم فرهنگ و تراكم ساختماني دستاويزي براي باز ـ-حضور فرهنگ در شهرهاي معاصر و علي الخصوص بافت هاي دروني فراهم آورد. از اين رهيافت، پژوهش كمّي حاضر، با روش تحليلي به تبيين ارتباط بين فرهنگ و تراكم ساختماني در سه بعد "كمّي"، "كمّي ـ كيفي" و "كيفي" مي پردازد. با رتبه بندي بلوك ها از نظر قابليت متراكم سازي و ايجاد لفافه هاي تحديدكننده ي فضايي و معرفي "تراكم ادراك شده" در قالب پيونددهنده ي فرهنگ و تراكم ساختماني، مدلي را براي تعيين تراكم ساختماني مطلوب ارايه مي دهد كه بر پايه-ي توجه به عوامل فرهنگي شكل گرفته است.

Planning for urban density is one of the most important problems which contemporary urban planning faces to both in universal and national scale in recent years. Urbanized world - that is changing permanently - needs an optimum extent of urban density which can consider both quantitative (efficient use of land and urban infrastructures, reducing energy consumption and etc.) and qualitative requirements (such as providing desirable neighborhood, vitality, mobility and etc.) of urban planning. Re-Defining building density (F.A.R) in inner city neighborhoods, which are experiencing the renewal process, is in such a way that disregarding the cultural factors in that, is quite obvious. Elimination of privacy of houses, destruction the functional and altitudinal territories of historical buildings and zones (as the symbols of culture in urban fabric) and etc. announce the absence of an efficient model for determining building density which takes into account of cultural factors as its basis principals in urban planning. So, this paper aims to codify a model for determining building density that emphasizes on cultural factors; and tries to make the pretext of re-presence of culture in contemporary cities and particularly in inner neighborhoods by linking the two concepts of culture and building density in both practical and theoretical context. Hence, this quantitative research, in a descriptive – analytical method, analyzes the relationship between culture and building density in three dimensions: quantitative face of building density (as the cause of problem), quantitative – qualitative face of building density (for linking the culture and F.A.R in term of perceived density) and qualitative face of building density (through the indexes which are derived from or related to culture). These analyses are accomplished in two old neighborhoods in Tehran, named Iran and Takhti. The renewal process is completely occurred in Takhti so that, it’s a neighborhood with 4 – 5 store flats frequently; while its original form has been undetached houses in 1 or 2 stores and all of the problems mentioned above are happened in that clearly. At the other hand, Iran neighborhood is in the middle way of Takhti’s destiny. Its several historical buildings and areas are destroying, the house type is changing to flats while the old citizens are leaving the neighborhood and its strong and famous community is eliminating while true and suitable F.A.R with respect to cultural factors can prevent arising more problems in that and provide a favorite neighborhood. Ranking the ability of neighborhoods’ blocks for densification is done via TOPSIS method - that is a Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution – then, by making spatial pyramids for each block and calculating their differences to status quo, suggests a model for determining desired building density with especial respect to cultural factors while has an attention to economic tendencies implicitly. Statistical analysis by Microsoft Excel, spatial analysis of ArcGIS, analytical drawings in SketchUp is used besides applying AHP model to score the indexes and Likert scale for quantification of qualitative measurements. Data collection is done via library data, surveying and questionnaire. At last, the model is stated in a function which is: .