بثّ‏ الشكوي در شعر شهريار

Complaint in Shahriyar’s poems

بثّ‏ الشكوي‌ ‌نوع‌ ادبي‌ جهاني‌‌ است كه‌ محتواي‌ آن‌ در ميان ادبيات‌ تمامي‌ ملل‌‌، مشترك‌‌ و تاريخچه آن به امتداد عمر بشريت، طولاني است. چون در بثّ‏ الشكوي‏ شاعر از عواطف‌ خود سخن مي‏ گويد، از نظر ماهيت جزو ادب غنايي و به شدت از روحيات و شرايط زندگي شاعر متأثر است. در متن و بطن آثار نگارين شهريار، موضوعات و مضامين مختلفي وجود دارد، كه از جملۀ آنها مي‏توان به گلايه‏ ها و شكايات مختلف با بسامد بالا اشاره كرد. تنوع و تعدّد اين شكوائيه‏ ها به حدّي است كه خواننده را براي كشف علل آن برمي انگيزد و اين پرسش را در ذهن ايجاد ميكند كه آيا گلايه‏ هاي شهريار از غوغا و غليان دروني وي نشئت يافته يا انگيزه ديگري در آن دخالت داشته است. در نوشتۀ حاضر، سعي بر آن بوده است كه با بازخواني دقيق اشعار فارسي شهريار و بهره‏ گيري از شيوۀ استقرايي، همه شكوائيات ايشان تحليل شود. حاصل پژوهش نشان مي‏ دهد، شهريار با سرودن انواع گلايه‏هاي ‏شخصي، عرفاني، فلسفي، اجتماعي، سياسي و در برخي مواقع تلفيقي از چند نوع مذكور، در قالب‏هاي‏ شعري مختلف اعم از كلاسيك ‏و نيمايي، بر تارك ادبيات معاصر ايران مي‏درخشد. از مهمترين علل بسامد شكوائيه ‏هاي شهريار مي‌توان به شكست عاطفي، حوادث ناگوار زندگي و رقت‏ طبع ايشان اشاره كرد.

Abstract Complaint (as a type of Gravamen) is one of the subgenres of lyrical literature in which the poet or the writer expresses his/her personal feelings that are mostly used to express the emotions, the woes or complaints of the environment, the friends and society and mostly it depicts the frustration, despair and deprivation of the suffered, sensitive poet. This type of poetry, more or less, regular or sporadic, is reflected in the poetry of the past poets of Iran in the form of “HasbiyyehSorayi” as type of Complaint. According to the researchers, Complaintcan be divided into five kinds: philosophical, mystical, personal, social and political.  In Social Complaint, Shahriyar posits himself against the social ills such as corruption, degradation, illiteracy positions, expressing his criticism in the form of woes and poems. A part of Shahriyar’s complaining and criticizing is about the incorrect attitude of the cosmopolitan residents of the capital city of Tehran against the townspeople, disclosing the defects and shortcomings of the environment and the city of Tehran through various methods. In the political Complaints, the poet examines the failures and the frustrations caused by the Constitutional Revolution, the repressive dictatorship and his hated and antipathy from the political actions of that time. Of course, due to the interconnectedness of social and political issues, this of issue of Bath Ashshekva is interwoven with the poet’s poem. The personal Complaint incorporates the poet’s illness and aging that is derived from the poet’s natural passage of his life. The poet’s enormous spiritual and psychological sufferings are caused by his frustration in the abortive love affair that shows itself in the form of the lover’s complains of love, life, fortunate, old and young ages. We can call these types of grievances as unparalleled. They can make Shahriyar frustrated with love and alienation. In his mystical grievances, Shahriyar is of a spiritual mystic old face who has fallen far away from the right and truth and desirably plays the return song to Sugar Cane plantation like Mawlanaw’s reed. In the Philosophical Complaint, one can find sort of Khayyam’s thought in not finding and not obtaining a response to truth. Despite the fact that Shahriyar’s grievances are diverse, one can say that their tone is sad and is accompanied by a sharp and stinging rebuke and protest in order to express the atmosphere of this chain of emotional vocabularies, words and phrases like emotional, sentence composition, using Monada he employs appropriate rhymes. Apart from the tone of the speech, he has also used other literary devices.  He has mostly used symbols of classical Persian poetry to express grievances and complaints. Another feature of Shariyar’s grievances is expression of regret and nostalgia of the soul. The sense of being a stranger and loss of time and youth are among the most significant subjects. Yet another feature of Shahriyar’s Complaint is the simple expression of and invocation to the common expressions of the slang and street appeal in which the poet contributes a lot to their beauty and strength by selecting exact titles to them. The poet has mostly chosen the form of Ghazal to express his Complaint.   Finally, the experience of the poet’s emotional breakdown was a minor wickedness that transformed Shahriyar into one of the greatest poets, at least in the area of composing Complaint. This was the alchemy that transformed him from school and the limited environment into a mate of the sun and the moon and the Ghazal’s Shahriyar.