اصل دسترسي به عدالت و حق دادخواهي دولت

ACCESS TO JUSTICE an‎d GOVERNMENT'S RIGHT OF ACTION

اصل دسترسي به عدالت تنها به معناي حق دسترسي به آن نيست؛ قاعدۀ دسترسي به دادگستري به‌منزلۀ مرجع رسمي تظلمات را نيز دربرمي‌گيرد. پس، هرگاه در وجود حق دادخواهي يا حق مراجعه به دادگستري ترديد شود، بي‌گمان اصل دسترسي به عدالت راهكاري را پيشنهاد مي‌كند كه به اعمال حق در مرجع رسمي تظلمات منجر مي‌شود. ميان عموميت صلاحيت دادگاه دادگستري و ديوان عدالت اداري فرق وجود دارد. آن جايي هم كه دولت حق دادخواهي در ديوان عدالت اداري ندارد، دو رأي وحدت رويه از هيئت‌‌‌ عمومي ديوان عالي كشور صادر شده كه به‌منظور همان معناي دوم اصل دسترسي به عدالت است. اينجاست كه معنا و مفهوم رأي وحدت رويه مطرح مي‌شود. اين رأي قانون يا در حكم آن نيست، بلكه تفسير منتخب هيئت‌‌‌ عمومي ديوان عالي كشور به‌منظور يكسان‌سازي حقوق در سراسر قلمرو كشور است. از اين رو، تاب تسري به ساير موارد ندارد. ديوان عدالت اداري به‌منظور صلاحيت نظارتي خود بايد بتواند دعاوي دولت را كه خواهان يا خوانده در يك مرجع شبه‌قضايي بوده است استماع كند.

The meaning of access to justice, is not merely right of access, but it also means the principle of access to justice in tribunals as official place for pleading. So, when there is some doubt in the existence of right of action or this right in general tribunal, the principle of access to justice directs us to this resolution that results in the existence of this right. These two meaning have been accepted in Supreme Court’s Decisions. This survey shows that in our legal system, the notion of generality of Tribunals and Administrative Justice Court are not the same. Also when government has not the right of action in that court, supreme had said in its two Unification Decision (No. 602 and 699) that can pursuit its lawsuit in general tribunals on behalf and this solution causes a question that if the way and logic of these two Unification Decision can be applied in another cases that our legislator has not foreseen a tribunal for access to justice? Firstly, we are obliged to analyze the nature of Unification Decision. That decision is not positive Law or a thing as Law but also that decision is the interpretation of unification committee of Supreme Court for unification of law in all over the territory. So before author, Administrative Court of Justice by its competence for supervision in administrative law can hear the litigation of government, especially when it is presented in a lawsuit as a claimant or defendant.